RESUMEN
A mathematical model integrating 11 first-order differential equations describing the dynamics of the aerobic composting process of sewage sludge was proposed. The model incorporates two microbial groups (mesophiles and thermophiles) characterized by different capacities of heat generation. Microbial growth rates, heat and mass transfer and degradation kinetics of the sewage sludge containing straw were modeled over a period of 36days. The coefficients of metabolic heat generation for mesophiles were 4.32×10(6) and 6.93×10(6)J/kg, for winter and summer seasons, respectively. However, for thermophiles, they were comparable for both seasons reaching 10.91×10(6) and 10.51×10(6)J/kg. In the model, significant parameters for microbial growth control were temperature and the content of easily hydrolysable substrate. The proposed model provided a satisfactory fit to experimental data captured for cuboid-shaped bioreactors with forced aeration. Model predictions of specific microbial populations and substrate decomposition were crucial for accurate description and understanding of sewage sludge composting.
Asunto(s)
Reactores Biológicos , Aguas del Alcantarillado , Aire , Biodegradación Ambiental , Hidrólisis , Cinética , Modelos Teóricos , Compuestos Orgánicos , Estaciones del Año , Suelo , TemperaturaRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been applied to detect Lactococcus lactis and Propionibacterium freudenreichii cells in mixed populations in medium and skimmed milk, using epifluorescent microscopy. The 16S rRNA-targeted 18-mer oligonucleotide probes, specific for P. freudenreichii were designed and evaluated. Based on multiple alignments of designed sequences, eight 16S rRNA probes were selected for in vitro studies. The permeabilization protocol was optimized for simultaneous hybridization of propionibacteria and lactococci cells. The probes GLO62 (62-80), PEU64 (64-82) and PFX311 (311-329) were found specific for P. freudenreichii in analysis in vitro. Lactococcus lactis cells were labelled with LactV5 (822-840), (S-S-L.lact-0821-a-A-18) probe. The following combinations of oligonucleotide probes: LactV5/GLO62 , LactV5/PEU64 and LactV5/PFX311 , enabled differentiation of Lc. lactis and P. freudenreichii cells in culture media and in skimmed milk. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Results showed that three newly designed 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes specific for Propionibacterium freudenreichii in combination with a probe specific for Lactococcus lactis can be used to differentiate lactic and propionic acid bacteria in mixed communities using multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), without applying permeabilization step. This is a first study on simultaneous detection of both bacterial species with FISH, which was found as rapid, useful and culture-independent tool for direct visualization of bacteria on single cell level. It might be applied in monitoring of mixed starter cultures in dairy industry.
Asunto(s)
Lactococcus lactis/genética , Propionibacterium/genética , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ/métodos , Microscopía Fluorescente , Sondas de Oligonucleótidos , Permeabilidad , ARN Bacteriano/genética , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Many pruritic conditions do not originate in the skin, but are the result of systemic abnormality. Among the diseases that can cause pruritus are renal insufficiency, cholestasis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, polycythemia vera, solid tumors, and many others. Other pruritic conditions appear to be iatrogenic; opioid-induced pruritus may be the most important in palliative medicine. Successful treatment of the underlying condition usually relieves itch. But, with time, many diseases progress and treatment of the cause will be impossible. Topical treatments may be of limited value. Strategies involving systemic treatments include use of antidepressants, oral opioid antagonists, or cholestyramine. There is no one cure for all pruritic symptoms. Better understanding of mechanisms of pruritus may help develop better treatments.
Asunto(s)
Prurito/etiología , Prurito/terapia , Humanos , Sistema Nervioso/fisiopatología , Dolor/fisiopatología , Cuidados Paliativos , Prurito/fisiopatologíaAsunto(s)
Enfermedades del Sistema Endocrino/epidemiología , Neoplasias Hematológicas/epidemiología , Ictericia/epidemiología , Fallo Renal Crónico/epidemiología , Prurito/epidemiología , Prurito/terapia , Enfermedad Crónica , Comorbilidad , Enfermedades del Sistema Endocrino/diagnóstico , Femenino , Neoplasias Hematológicas/diagnóstico , Humanos , Ictericia/diagnóstico , Fallo Renal Crónico/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pronóstico , Prurito/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Three patients, two females aged 45 and 56 years with metastasized breast carcinoma and one man aged 88 years with inoperable bronchial carcinoma, suffered from severe pruritus. This was only alleviated after treatment with paroxetine, a serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, or with tropisetron, a serotonin antagonist. The youngest woman then could be given chemotherapy, after which clinical recovery occurred, the other patients died, one week and 3 months, respectively, after start of the treatment. Pruritus is a relatively rare symptom in malignancies, but may be worse than pain. In the development and transmission of pruritus signals, in cholestatic icterus as well, serotonin appears to play a more important part than histamine.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/complicaciones , Carcinoma Broncogénico/complicaciones , Colestasis/complicaciones , Indoles/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/complicaciones , Paroxetina/uso terapéutico , Prurito/tratamiento farmacológico , Prurito/etiología , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/uso terapéutico , Antagonistas de la Serotonina/uso terapéutico , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Mama/secundario , Carcinoma Broncogénico/diagnóstico , Colestasis/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Resultado del Tratamiento , TropisetrónRESUMEN
Opioids used topically may exercise several useful clinical effects. Opioids may cause immediate local analgesia and also may work indirectly through decreasing the inflammation process. In this article we describe six patients treated with topical opioids because of cutaneous pain due to tumor infiltration. skin ulcers of malignant and non-malignant origin, severe oral mucositis, pain due to knee arthrosis and severe tenesmoid pain. In all but one case, topical morphine provided rapid relief which lasted usually for 7-8 h. The side effects of topical opioids were none or minimal. Possible mechanisms of topical analgesia are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Analgésicos Opioides/administración & dosificación , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapéutico , Dolor Intratable/tratamiento farmacológico , Cuidados Paliativos , Administración Tópica , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Geles , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Morfina/administración & dosificación , Morfina/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias/complicaciones , Dolor Intratable/etiologíaRESUMEN
Pruritus associated with malignancy may be one of the most bothersome symptoms in advanced cancer. Its control is still difficult to achieve and is a challenge to palliative medicine specialists. We describe five patients suffering from pruritus of different etiologies who responded rapidly to administration of paroxetine, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in a dose-dependent manner. Two patients experienced transient but severe nausea and vomiting. We suggest that paroxetine's antipruritic effect may be explained by rapid downregulation of the 5-HTs receptors, which may have an important role in the generation of pruritus and pain.