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Metal-free, luminescent, carbogenic nanomaterials (LCNMs) constitute a novel class of optical materials with low environmental impact. LCNMs, e.g., carbon dots (CDs), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), and carbonized polymer microspheres (CPM) show strong blue/cyan emissions, but rather weak yellow/red emission. This has been a serious drawback in applying them to light-emitting and bio-imaging applications. Here, by integrating single-component LCNMs in photonic microcavities, the study spectroscopically engineers the coupling between photonic modes in these microcavities and optical transitions to "reconfigure" the emission spectra of these luminescent materials. Resonant photons are confined in the microcavity, which allows selective re-excitation of phosphors to effectively emit down-converted photons. The down-converted photons re-excite the phosphors and are multiply recycled, leading to enhanced yellow/red emissions and resulting in white-light emission (WLE). Furthermore, by adjusting photonic stop bands of microcavity components, color adaptable (cool, pure, and warm) WLE is flexibly generated, which precisely follows the black-body Planckian locus in the chromaticity diagram. The proposed approach offers practical low-cost chromaticity-adjustable WLE from single-component, luminescent materials without any chemical or surface modification, or elaborate machinery and processing, paving the way for practical WLE devices.

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Managing safety and supply-chain risks associated with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is an urgent task for sustainable development. Aqueous proton batteries are attractive alternatives to LIBs because using water and protons addresses these two risks. However, most host materials undergo large volume changes upon H+ intercalation, which induces intraparticle cracking to accelerates parasitic reactions. Herein, we report that Mo3Nb2O14 bronze exhibits reversible H+ intercalation (200 mAh g-1) with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% owing to near-zero volume change and solid-solution-type phase transition. Combination of experimental and theoretical analyses clarifies that rotation and shrinkage of open tunnels, which consist of flexible corner-sharing Mo/NbOn polyhedra, relieve local structural distortions upon H+ intercalation to suppress intraparticle cracking. The prototype full cell of an aqueous proton battery with a Mo3Nb2O14 anode operates stably over 1000 charge/discharge cycles. This study reveals the importance of implementing distortion-relieving voids in host materials to reduce volume change upon charge/discharge.

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Unsupervised machine learning techniques have been combined with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to enable comprehensive crystal structure analysis with nanometer spatial resolution. In this study, we investigated large-scale data obtained by four-dimensional (4D) STEM using dimensionality reduction techniques such as non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and hierarchical clustering with various optimization methods. We developed software scripts incorporating knowledge of electron diffraction and STEM imaging for data preprocessing, NMF, and hierarchical clustering. Hierarchical clustering was performed using cross-correlation instead of conventional Euclidean distances, resulting in rotation-corrected diffractions and shift-corrected maps of major components. An experimental analysis was conducted on a high-pressure-annealed metallic glass, Zr-Cu-Al, revealing an amorphous matrix and crystalline precipitates with an average diameter of approximately 7 nm, which were challenging to detect using conventional STEM techniques. Combining 4D-STEM and optimized unsupervised machine learning enables comprehensive bimodal (i.e., spatial and reciprocal) analyses of material nanostructures.

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Practical techniques to identify heat routes at the nanoscale are required for the thermal control of microelectronic, thermoelectric, and photonic devices. Nanoscale thermometry using various approaches has been extensively investigated, yet a reliable method has not been finalized. We developed an original technique using thermal waves induced by a pulsed convergent electron beam in a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) mode at room temperature. By quantifying the relative phase delay at each irradiated position, we demonstrate the heat transport within various samples with a spatial resolution of ~10 nm and a temperature resolution of 0.01 K. Phonon-surface scatterings were quantitatively confirmed due to the suppression of thermal diffusivity. The phonon-grain boundary scatterings and ballistic phonon transport near the pulsed convergent electron beam were also visualized.

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The damage mechanism and exposure tolerance of epoxy resins to fast electrons remain unclear. We quantitatively investigated the effects of electron irradiation on a common epoxy resin by dose-dependent electron energy loss spectroscopy. The results show that sp3 states of nitrogen, oxygen, and their adjacent carbon atoms were converted to sp2 states, forming imine (C=N) and carbonyl (C=O) as the total electron dose increased. The sp3 to sp2 conversion mechanism was proposed. The epoxy resin was very sensitive to fast electrons and the original electronic states were maintained up to a total dose of ∼103e- nm-2 at a low temperature of 103 K. Dose-dependent electron diffraction revealed that the intra- and intermolecular geometries changed below and around the total dose of ∼103e- nm-2.

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Multimetallic alloys (MMAs) with various compositions enrich the materials library with increasing diversity and have received much attention in catalysis applications. However, precisely shaping MMAs in mesoporous nanostructures and mapping the distributions of multiple elements remain big challenge due to the different reduction kinetics of various metal precursors and the complexity of crystal growth. Here we design a one-pot wet-chemical reduction approach to synthesize core-shell motif PtPdRhRuCu mesoporous nanospheres (PtPdRhRuCu MMNs) using a diblock copolymer as the soft template. The PtPdRhRuCu MMNs feature adjustable compositions and exposed porous structures rich in highly entropic alloy sites. The formation processes of the mesoporous structures and the reduction and growth kinetics of different metal precursors of PtPdRhRuCu MMNs are revealed. The PtPdRhRuCu MMNs exhibit robust electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities and low overpotentials of 10, 13, and 28 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in alkaline (1.0 M KOH), acidic (0.5 M H2SO4), and neutral (1.0 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS)) electrolytes, respectively. The accelerated kinetics of the HER in PtPdRhRuCu MMNs are derived from multiple compositions with synergistic interactions among various metal sites and mesoporous structures with excellent mass/electron transportation characteristics.

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The development of highly luminescent two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for sensing applications remains challenging. To suppress commonly observed photoluminescence quenching of COFs, we propose a strategy involving interrupting the intralayer conjugation and interlayer interactions using cyclohexane as the linker unit. By variation of the building block structures, imine-bonded COFs with various topologies and porosities are obtained. Experimental and theoretical analyses of these COFs disclose high crystallinity and large interlayer distances, demonstrating enhanced emission with record-high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 57% in the solid state. The resulting cyclohexane-linked COF also exhibits excellent sensing performance for the trace recognition of Fe3+ ions, explosive and toxic picric acid, and phenyl glyoxylic acid as metabolites. These findings inspire a facile and general strategy to develop highly emissive imine-bonded COFs for detecting various molecules.

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Although the principles of noncovalent bonding are well understood and form the basis for the syntheses of many intricate supramolecular structures, supramolecular noncovalent synthesis cannot yet achieve the levels of precision and complexity that are attainable in organic and/or macromolecular covalent synthesis. Here we show the stepwise synthesis of block supramolecular polymers from metal-porphyrin derivatives (in which the metal centre is Zn, Cu or Ni) functionalized with fluorinated alkyl chains. These monomers first undergo a one-dimensional supramolecular polymerization and cyclization process to form a toroidal structure. Subsequently, successive secondary nucleation, elongation and cyclization steps result in two-dimensional assemblies with concentric toroidal morphologies. The site selectivity endowed by the fluorinated chains, reminiscent of regioselectivity in covalent synthesis, enables the precise control of the compositions and sequences of the supramolecular structures, as demonstrated by the synthesis of several triblock supramolecular terpolymers.

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Single Pd atom doped Au23Pd1 clusters stabilized by polyvinylpyrrolidone (Au23Pd1:PVP) were selectively synthesized by kinetically controlled coreduction of the Au and Pd precursor ions. The geometric structure of Au23Pd1:PVP was investigated by density functional theory calculation, aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy, extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed CO, and hydrogenation catalysis. These results showed that Au23Pd1:PVP takes polydisperse but the same atomic arrangements as undoped Au24:PVP while exposing all the atoms including the Pd atom on the surface. Au23Pd1:PVP exhibited a significantly higher catalytic activity than Au24:PVP for the aerobic oxidation of p-substituted benzyl alcohols. The kinetic studies showed that the rate-determining step was the hydride abstraction from the α-carbon of the alkoxides for both systems. The activation energy for hydride abstraction by Au23Pd1:PVP was lower than that by Au24:PVP, indicating that the doped Pd atom acts as the active center.

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The noise performance and the detection limits of a direct-counting complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) K2 camera and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera in electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) experiments were evaluated. In the case of a single spectrum acquired at the shortest dwell times (2.5 ms for K2 and 1 µs for CCD), the detection limit, defined as three times the standard deviation of the spectral noise (3σ), was very low (1 e-/channel) in the counting-mode spectrum acquired with the K2 camera compared with that acquired with the CCD camera (5 e-/channel). By contrast, the spectral noise of the K2 camera changed depending on the dwell time because of the multiple read-outs related to its fixed frame rate (400 fps). The spectral noise of the K2 camera was greater than that of the CCD camera when the dwell time was longer than ∼30 ms. Thus, the CCD camera was found to still be useful when detecting a very small number of electrons using a long acquisition time. In the case of an accumulated spectrum obtained by acquiring 10,000 spectra after subtracting the ultra-high-quality dark reference signal, the detection limits per read-out were ∼0.016 and ∼0.025 e-/channel/read-out for the K2 and CCD cameras, respectively. Because both cameras have advantages and disadvantages with respect to their detection limit, speed, and dynamic range, their proper use is important.

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Direct exfoliation of layered zeolites into solutions of monolayers has remained unresolved since the 1990s. Recently, zeolite MCM-56 with the MWW topology (layers denoted mww) has been exfoliated directly in high yield by soft-chemical treatment with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH). This has enabled preparation of zeolite-based hierarchical materials and intimate composites with other active species that are unimaginable via the conventional solid-state routes. The extension to other frameworks, which provides broader benefits, diversified activity, and functionality, is not routine and requires finding suitable synthesis formulations, viz. compositions and conditions, of the layered zeolites themselves. This article reports exfoliation and characterization of layers with ferrierite-related structure, denoted bifer, having rectangular lattice constants like those of the FER and CDO zeolites, and thickness of approximately 2 nm, which is twice that of the so-called fer layer. Several techniques were combined to prove the exfoliation, supported by simulations: AFM; in-plane, in situ, and powder X-ray diffraction; TEM; and SAED. The results confirmed (i) the structure and crystallinity of the layers without unequivocal differentiation between the FER and CDO topologies and (ii) uniform thickness in solution (monodispersity), ruling out significant multilayered particles and other impurities. The bifer layers are zeolitic with Brønsted acid sites, demonstrated catalytic activity in the alkylation of mesitylene with benzyl alcohol, and intralayer pores visible in TEM. The practical benefits are demonstrated by the preparation of unprecedented intimately mixed zeolite composites with the mww, with activity greater than the sum of the components despite high content of inert silica as pillars.

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Reversibility of an electrode reaction is important for energy-efficient rechargeable batteries with a long battery life. Additional oxygen-redox reactions have become an intensive area of research to achieve a larger specific capacity of the positive electrode materials. However, most oxygen-redox electrodes exhibit a large voltage hysteresis >0.5 V upon charge/discharge, and hence possess unacceptably poor energy efficiency. The hysteresis is thought to originate from the formation of peroxide-like O22- dimers during the oxygen-redox reaction. Therefore, avoiding O-O dimer formation is an essential challenge to overcome. Here, we focus on Na2-xMn3O7, which we recently identified to exhibit a large reversible oxygen-redox capacity with an extremely small polarization of 0.04 V. Using spectroscopic and magnetic measurements, the existence of stable O-• was identified in Na2-xMn3O7. Computations reveal that O-• is thermodynamically favorable over the peroxide-like O22- dimer as a result of hole stabilization through a (σ + π) multiorbital Mn-O bond.

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Scientific instruments for material characterization have recently been improved to yield big data. For instance, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) allows us to acquire many diffraction patterns from a scanning area, which is referred to as four-dimensional (4D) STEM. Here we study a combination of 4D-STEM and a statistical technique called non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to deduce sparse diffraction patterns from a 4D-STEM data consisting of 10,000 diffraction patterns. Titanium oxide nanosheets are analyzed using this combined technique, and we discriminate the two diffraction patterns from pristine TiO2 and reduced Ti2O3 areas, where the latter is due to topotactic reduction induced by electron irradiation. The combination of NMF and 4D-STEM is expected to become a standard characterization technique for a wide range materials.

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Nanostructured LiMnO2 integrated with Li3PO4 was successfully synthesized by the mechanical milling route and examined as a new series of positive electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. Although uniform mixing at the atomic scale between LiMnO2 and Li3PO4 was not anticipated because of the noncompatibility of crystal structures for both phases, our study reveals that phosphorus ions with excess lithium ions dissolve into nanosize crystalline LiMnO2 as first evidenced by elemental mapping using STEM-EELS combined with total X-ray scattering, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and a theoretical ab initio study. The integrated phase features a low-crystallinity metastable phase with a unique nanostructure; the phosphorus ion located at the tetrahedral site shares faces with adjacent lithium ions at slightly distorted octahedral sites. This phase delivers a large reversible capacity of ∼320 mA h g-1 as a high-energy positive electrode material in Li cells. The large reversible capacity originated from the contribution from the anionic redox of oxygen coupled with the cationic redox of Mn ions, as evidenced by operando soft XAS spectroscopy, and the superior reversibility of the anionic redox and the suppression of oxygen loss were also found by online electrochemical mass spectroscopy. The improved reversibility of the anionic redox originates from the presence of phosphorus ions associated with the suppression of oxygen dimerization, as supported by a theoretical study. From these results, the mechanistic foundations of nanostructured high-capacity positive electrode materials were established, and further chemical and physical optimization may lead to the development of next-generation electrochemical devices.

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BACKGROUND: Prosthetic reconstruction for distal femoral osteosarcoma is challenging for younger children. We herein report a successful case of limb-sparing surgery for a younger patient with distal femoral osteosarcoma requiring osteo-articular resection. CASE PRESENTATION: A 5-year-old girl with high-grade conventional osteosarcoma in the left distal femur underwent a series of surgeries. After three cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, limb-salvage surgery was planned because femoral rotationplasty had been refused. At 6 years and 2 months old, distal femoral resection and temporary spacer insertion using a 7-mm-diameter intramedullary nail and molded polymethylmethacrylate was performed. At 7 years and 8 months old, secondary surgery was performed because the first spacer had been dislocated and the residual femur became atrophic. The distal end of the residual femur was removed by 1 cm, but the periosteum and induced membrane around polymethylmethacrylate was preserved. In order to stabilize the spacer against the tibia, a custom-made ceramic spacer with a smooth straight 8-mm-diameter stem was utilized. The bone-spacer junction was fixed with polymethylmethacrylate and then covered with the preserved periosteum and induced membrane. After surgery, the bone atrophy improved. At 9 years and 7 months old, the second spacer was removed because it had loosened, and the knee joint was reconstructed using a custom-made growing femoral prosthesis with a curved porous 8.5-mm-diameter stem. Cancellous bone tips from the proximal tibia were grafted around the bone-prosthesis junction underneath the induced membrane. At 10 years and 5 months old, the patient was able to walk unsupported and a radiograph showed further thickening of the cortex of the residual femur without any stress shielding. Although having 5 cm of limb length discrepancy, the patient and her mother were satisfied with the function. The MSTS score was 24 out of 30 points. Repeated limb length extensions are planned. CONCLUSIONS: This case report provides an example of limb-salvage surgery after distal femoral resection in a small child. The use of a temporary spacer utilizing partial cementation and preservation of the periosteum and induced membrane appears to afford a viable limb-salvage option after distal femoral resection for younger children.

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Connecting molecular-level phenomena to larger scales and, ultimately, to sophisticated molecular systems that resemble living systems remains a considerable challenge in supramolecular chemistry. To this end, molecular self-assembly at higher hierarchical levels has to be understood and controlled. Here, we report unusual self-assembled structures formed from a simple porphyrin derivative. Unexpectedly, this formed a one-dimensional (1D) supramolecular polymer that coiled to give an Archimedean spiral. Our analysis of the supramolecular polymerization by using mass-balance models suggested that the Archimedean spiral is formed at high concentrations of the monomer, whereas other aggregation types might form at low concentrations. Gratifyingly, we discovered that our porphyrin-based monomer formed supramolecular concentric toroids at low concentrations. Moreover, a mechanistic insight into the self-assembly process permitted a controlled synthesis of these concentric toroids. This study both illustrates the richness of self-assembled structures at higher levels of hierarchy and demonstrates a topological effect in noncovalent synthesis.

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Lithium- and sodium-rich layered transition-metal oxides have recently been attracting significant interest because of their large capacity achieved by additional oxygen-redox reactions. However, layered transition-metal oxides exhibit structural degradation such as cation migration, layer exfoliation or cracks upon deep charge, which is a major obstacle to achieve higher energy-density batteries. Here we demonstrate a self-repairing phenomenon of stacking faults upon desodiation from an oxygen-redox layered oxide Na2RuO3, realizing much better reversibility of the electrode reaction. The phase transformations upon charging A2MO3 (A: alkali metal) can be dominated by three-dimensional Coulombic attractive interactions driven by the existence of ordered alkali-metal vacancies, leading to counterintuitive self-repairing of stacking faults and progressive ordering upon charging. The cooperatively ordered vacancy in lithium-/sodium-rich layered transition-metal oxides is shown to play an essential role, not only in generating the electro-active nonbonding 2p orbital of neighbouring oxygen but also in stabilizing the phase transformation for highly reversible oxygen-redox reactions.

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In BriefIn this in vitro investigation, we compared the multidirectional flexibility properties of sacral alar iliac fixation with conventional methods of sacral and sacroiliac fixation using nondestructive and destructive investigative methods. The study demonstrated that S1-2 sacral fixation alone significantly increases sacroiliac motion under all loading modalities, while sacral alar iliac fixation reduced motion in axial rotation at the sacroiliac joint and offers potential advantages of a lower instrumentation profile and ease of assembly compared to conventional sacroiliac screw instrumentation.

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Annular dark-field (ADF) imaging by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is a common technique for material characterization with high spatial resolution. It has been reported that ADF signal is proportional to the nth power of the atomic number Z, i.e., the Z contrast in textbooks and papers. Here we first demonstrate the deviation from the power-law model by quantitative experiments of a few 2D materials (graphene, MoS2 and WS2 monolayers). Then we elucidate ADF signal of single atoms using simulations to clarify the cause of the deviation. Two major causes of the deviation from the power-law model will be pointed out. The present study provides a practical guideline for the usage of the conventional power-law model for ADF imaging.