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Probiotics, when consumed in adequate amounts, can promote the health of the host and beneficially modulate the host's immunity. Particularly during the host's early life, the gut intestine undergoes a period of epithelial maturation in which epithelial cells organize into specific crypt and villus structures. This process can be mediated by the gut microbiota. Recent studies have reported that the administration of probiotics can further promote intestinal maturation in the neonatal intestine. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of extracellular vesicles derived from the Limosilactobacillus fermentum SLAM 216 strain, which is an established probiotic with known immune and anti-aging effects on intestinal epithelial maturation and homeostasis, using mouse small intestinal organoids. As per our findings, treatment with L. fermentum SLAM 216-derived LF216EV (LF216EV) has significantly increased the bud number and size of organoid buds. Furthermore, extracellular vesicle (EV) treatment upregulated the expression of maturation-related genes, including Ascl2, Ephb2, Lgr5, and Sox9. Tight junctions are known to have an important role in the intestinal immune barrier, and EV treatment has significantly increased the expression of genes associated with tight junctions, such as Claudin, Muc2, Occludin, and Zo-1, indicating that it can promote intestinal development. This was supported by RNA sequencing, which revealed the upregulation of genes associated with cAMP-mediated signaling, which is known to regulate cellular processes including cell differentiation. Additionally, organoids exposed to LF216EV exhibited upregulation of genes associated with maintaining brain memory and neurotransmission, suggesting possible future functional implications.
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Probiotics, specifically Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, have garnered attention for their potential health benefits. This study focuses on evaluating the probiotic properties of candidate probiotics L. rhamnosus IDCC 3201 (3201) using the Caenorhabditis elegans surrogate animal model, a well-established in vivo system for studying host-bacteria interactions. The adhesive ability to the host's gastrointestinal tract is a crucial criterion for selecting potential probiotic bacteria. Our findings demonstrated that 3201 exhibits significantly higher adhesive capabilities compared with Escherichia coli OP50 (OP50), a standard laboratory food source for C. elegans and is comparable with the widely recognized probiotic L. rhamnosus GG (LGG). In lifespan assay, 3201 significantly increased the longevity of C. elegans compared with OP50. In addition, preconditioning with 3201 enhanced C. elegans immune response against four different foodborne pathogenic bacteria. To uncover the molecular basis of these effects, transcriptome analysis elucidated that 3201 modulates specific gene expression related to the innate immune response in C. elegans. C-type lectin-related genes and lysozyme-related genes, crucial components of the immune system, showed significant upregulation after feeding 3201 compared with OP50. These results suggested that preconditioning with 3201 may enhance the immune response against pathogens. Metabolome analysis revealed increased levels of fumaric acid and succinic acid, metabolites of the citric acid cycle, in C. elegans fed with 3201 compared with OP50. Furthermore, there was an increase in the levels of lactic acid, a well-known antimicrobial compound. This rise in lactic acid levels may have contributed to the robust defense mechanisms against pathogens. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the probiotic properties of the candidate probiotic L. rhamnosus IDCC 3201 by using multi-omics analysis.
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Caenorhabditis elegans , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus , Longevidad , Probióticos , Animales , Caenorhabditis elegans/inmunología , Caenorhabditis elegans/microbiología , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Inmunidad Innata , MultiómicaRESUMEN
Salmonella Typhimurium is a highly lethal pathogenic bacterium in weaned piglets, causing significant treatment costs and economic losses in the swine industry. Additionally, due to its ability to induce zoonotic diseases, resulting in harm to humans through the transmission of the pathogen from pork, it presents a serious public health issue. Bacteriophages (phages), viruses that infect specific bacterial strains, have been proposed as an alternative to antibiotics for controlling pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we isolated SLAM_phiST1N3, a phage infecting a multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Typhimurium wild-type strain isolated from diseased pigs. First, comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis revealed that SLAM_phiST1N3 belongs to the Cornellvirus genus. Moreover, utilizing a novel classification approach introduced in this study, SLAM_phiST1N3 was classified at the species level. Host range experiments demonstrated that SLAM_phiST1N3 did not infect other pathogenic bacteria or probiotics derived from pigs or other livestock. While complete eradication of Salmonella was not achievable in the liquid inhibition assay, surprisingly, we succeeded in largely eliminating Salmonella in the FIMM analysis, a gut simulation system using weaned piglet feces. Furthermore, using the C. elegans model, we showcased the potential of SLAM_phiST1N3 to prevent S. Typhimurium infection in living organisms. In addition, it was confirmed that bacterial control could be achieved when phage was applied to Salmonella-contaminated pork. pH and temperature stability experiments demonstrated that SLAM_phiST1N3 can endure swine industry processes and digestive conditions. In conclusion, SLAM_phiST1N3 demonstrates potential environmental impact as a substance for Salmonella prevention across various aspects of the swine industry chain.
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Bacteriófagos , Salmonelosis Animal , Fagos de Salmonella , Porcinos , Animales , Humanos , Salmonella typhimurium , Bacteriófagos/fisiología , Caenorhabditis elegans , Filogenia , Salmonelosis Animal/prevención & control , Salmonelosis Animal/microbiología , Fagos de Salmonella/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Microbial protein, produced by fermentation of Fusarium venenatum is a promising candidate alternative protein source. Previous study has demonstrated its ability to improve hyperlipidemia in rats, yet the related mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of F. venenatum as an alternative protein source and its impact on lipid metabolism using multi-omics analysis. Initial experiments with Caenorhabditis elegans revealed that F. venenatum enhanced longevity, improved immune responses, and reduced lipid metabolism by downregulating fat synthesis-related genes. Subsequently, we conducted experiments with mice on a high-fat diet to confirm the anti-obesity effects of F. venenatum. The groups fed F. venenatum showed improved lipid profiles and reduced hepatic fat accumulation. Furthermore, fecal metabolomic analysis showed higher excretion of primary bile acid and cholesterol in the groups fed F. venenatum which might lead to a decrease in lipid digestion and hepatic fat accumulation. Collectively, this series of experiments revealed the potential of F. venenatum as a sustainable alternative protein and its application as an anti-obesity supplement.
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Colesterol , Fusarium , Multiómica , Ratas , Ratones , Animales , Modelos Animales , Obesidad/metabolismoRESUMEN
IMPORTANCE: Even though studying on the possible involvement of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in host-microbe interactions, how these relationships mediate host physiology has not clarified yet. Our current findings provide insights into the encouraging benefits of dietary source-derived EVs and microRNAs (miRNAs) on organic acid production and ultimately stimulating gut microbiome for human health, suggesting that supplementation of dietary colostrum EVs and miRNAs is a novel preventive strategy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Colitis , Vesículas Extracelulares , MicroARNs , Femenino , Embarazo , Humanos , Animales , Bovinos , MicroARNs/genética , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico , Akkermansia , Calostro , Colitis/inducido químicamenteRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Probiotics have been reported to exhibit positive effects on host health, including improved intestinal barrier function, preventing pathogenic infection, and promoting nutrient digestion efficiency. These internal changes are reflected to the fecal microbiota composition and, bacterial metabolites production. In accordance, the application of probiotics has been broadened to industrial animals, including swine, which makes people to pursue better knowledge of the correlation between changes in the fecal microbiota and metabolites. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of multi-strain probiotics (MSP) supplementation to piglets utilizing multiomics analytical approaches including metagenomics, culturomics, and metabolomics. RESULTS: Six-week-old piglets were supplemented with MSP composed of Lactobacillus isolated from the feces of healthy piglets. To examine the effect of MSP supplement, piglets of the same age were selected and divided into two groups; one with MSP supplement (MSP group) and the other one without MSP supplement (Control group). MSP feeding altered the composition of the fecal microbiota, as demonstrated by metagenomics analysis. The abundance of commensal Lactobacillus was increased by 2.39%, while Clostridium was decreased, which revealed the similar pattern to the culturomic approach. Next, we investigated the microbial metabolite profiles, specifically SCFAs using HPLC-MS/MS and others using GC-MS, respectively. MSP supplement elevated the abundance of amino acids, including valine, isoleucine and proline as well as the concentration of acetic acid. According to the correlation analyses, these alterations were found out to be crucial in energy synthesizing metabolism, such as branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism and coenzyme A biosynthesis. Furthermore, we isolated commensal Lactobacillus strains enriched by MSP supplement, and analyzed the metabolites and evaluated the functional improvement, related to tight junction from intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, MSP administration to piglets altered their fecal microbiota, by enriching commensal Lactobacillus strains. This change contributed amino acid, acetic acid, and BCAA concentrations to be increased, and energy metabolism pathway was also increased at in vivo and in vitro. These changes produced by MSP supplement suggests the correlation between the various physiological energy metabolism functions induced by health-promoting Lactobacillus and the growth performance of piglets.
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In tandem with the fast expansion of the pet-economy industry, the present aging research has been noticing the function of probiotics in extending the healthy lifetime of domestic animals. In this study, we aimed to understand the bacterial compositions of canine feces and isolating lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as commensal LAB as novel potential probiotics for the use of antiaging using Caenorhabditis elegans surrogate animal model. Under an anaerobic, culturomic, and metagenomic analysis, a total of 305 commensal LAB were isolated from diverse domestic dogs, and four strains, Lactobacillus amylolyticus, L. salivarius, Enterococcus hirae, and E. faecium, made prominence as commensal LAB by enhancing C. elegans life span and restored neuronal degeneration induced by aging by upregulating skn-1, ser-7, and odr-3, 7, 10. Importantly, whole transcriptome results and integrative network analysis revealed extensive mRNA encoding protein domains and functional pathways of naturally aging C. elegans were examined and we built the gene informatics basis. Taken together, our findings proposed that a specific gene network corresponding to the pathways differentially expressed during the aging and selected commensal LAB as potential probiotic strains could be provided beneficial effects in the aging of domestic animals by modulating the dynamics of gut microbiota.
In tandem with the fast expansion of the pet-economy industry, the present aging research has been noticing the function of probiotics in extending the healthy lifetime of domestic animals. In this study, collaborating with understanding the characteristics of gut microbiome from canine feces by multiomics approaches including culturomics, metagenomics, and transcriptomics, we isolate and identify commensal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as novel potential probiotics for the use of antiaging using Caenorhabditis elegans surrogate animal model and multiomics analysis. The selected commensal LAB could be provided beneficial effects in the aging of domestic animals by modulating the dynamics of gut microbiome and applied in the future companion animal market by clarifying their purpose and function.
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Lactobacillales , Probióticos , Perros , Animales , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Caenorhabditis elegans/microbiología , Probióticos/farmacología , Metagenoma , LongevidadRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In traditional Chinese and Korean medicine, Jowiseungki-tang (JST) is a prescription for diabetes mellitus (DM) treatment. However, little scientific evidence is known of its effect in diabetic condition. AIMS: We assessed the effects of JST on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity with inflammatory condition in mice and to analyze the therapeutic function of JST on network pharmacology as well as targeted metabolomics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: JST administration at 100 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg for a period of 4 weeks in HFD-induced obese mice, body weight gain, energy utility, calorie intake, and levels of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol as well as interleukin-6 were measured. Measurements of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) were performed and compared to those of the control group. Moreover, the therapeutic function of JST on obesity was analyzed furtherly based on network pharmacology and targeted metabolomics methods. RESULTS: Administration of JST at 100 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg for a period of 4 weeks in HFD-induced obesity mice significantly decreased the body weight gain, energy utility, calorie intake, and levels of insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and interleukin-6. However, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels showed marked elevation relative to control groups. JST administration strongly inhibited expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase, inflammatory proteins, and cyclooxygenase-2 in the pancreas, stomach, and liver tissues, and reduced hepatic steatosis and pancreatic hyperplasia. In network pharmacological analysis, the putative functional targets of JST are underlie on modulation of cofactor-, coenzyme-, and fatty acid-bonding, insulin resistance, and inflammatory response, fine-tuned the phosphatase binding and signal pathway activation, such as mitogen activated protein kinases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases/protein kinase B, protein kinase C, and receptor of glycation end products as well-advanced glycation end products. According to the metabolomics analysis, the contents and energy metabolites, and medium and long chain fatty acids was significantly changed in mice pancreases. CONCLUSIONS: JST is a valuable prescription for treatment of patients with DM in traditional clinics through inhibition of obesity, inflammatory condition and metabolism.
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Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/uso terapéutico , Farmacología en Red , Obesidad/inducido químicamente , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Fitoterapia , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Metabolómica , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
Bekhogainsam decoction (BHID), a representative prescription for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic complications in both traditional Korean and Chinese medicine, was examined for its ability to ameliorate diabetic nephropathy (DN), and its mechanism of action was evaluated by metabolomics, gut microbiota, and network pharmacology. In this study, male specific pathogen-free C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 100 mg/kg) once per day for 3 days consecutively, and were then orally administered BHID at 100 and 500 mg/kg, and metformin at 250 mg/kg once per day for 4 weeks. Our results showed that the administration of BHID to mice with STZ-induced DN prevented physiological and serological changes, structural damage, and kidney dysfunction. Based on a metabolomics test with serum, the profoundly altered metabolites in the BHID treatment group were identified. Thirty-six BHID-related proteins and four signaling pathways, including valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathways, were explored. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of the gut microbiota revealed that BHID treatment significantly affected the flora composition. In addition, the network pharmacology analysis revealed that BHID acted through phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and MAPK-related protein targets. Our findings on the anti-DN effects of BHID and its mechanism of action, from the perspective of systems biology, have provided scientific evidence to support the clinical treatment of patients with diabetes, and implied that BHID has the potential to prevent the progression of DN.
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With the aging process, a loss of skeletal muscle mass and dysfunction related to metabolic syndrome is observed in older people. Yams are commonly use in functional foods and medications with various effects. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of rhizome extract of Dioscorea batatas (Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Chinese yam) and its bioactive compound, allantoin, on myoblast differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle cells. Yams were extracted in water and allantoin was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and mitochondrial biogenesis-regulating factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1), nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) and transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM), and the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were determined in C2C12 myotubes by reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or western blot. The glucose levels and total ATP contents were measured by glucose consumption, glucose uptake and ATP assays, respectively. Treatment with yam extract (1 mg/mL) and allantoin (0.2 and 0.5 mM) significantly increased MyHC expression compared with non-treated myotubes. Yam extract and allantoin significantly increased the expression of PGC-1α, Sirt-1, NRF-1 and TFAM, as well as the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC in C2C12 myotubes. Furthermore, yam extract and allantoin significantly increased glucose uptake levels and ATP contents. Finally, HPLC analysis revealed that the yam water extract contained 1.53% of allantoin. Yam extract and allantoin stimulated myoblast differentiation into myotubes and increased energy production through the upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis regulators. These findings indicate that yam extract and allantoin can help to prevent skeletal muscle dysfunction through the stimulation of the energy metabolism.
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Alantoína/química , Alantoína/farmacología , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Dioscorea/química , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Mioblastos/citología , Mioblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Rizoma/química , Adenosina Trifosfato/biosíntesis , Animales , Línea Celular , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Mitocondrias/genética , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/citología , Biogénesis de Organelos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Acupuncture with MOK, a polyherbal medicine (MOK pharmacopuncture), has been used for the treatment of thyroid syndromes including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in traditional Korean medicine. The present study investigated the effect of MOK pharmacopuncture on hypothyroidism and the mechanism underlying its antioxidation and immune regulation effects. Hypothyroidism was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by subcutaneous injection of Propylthiouracil (PTU; 10 mg/kg) once daily for 4 weeks. MOK was administered by acupuncture on the acupoints around the thyroid gland of PTU-induced hypothyroidism rats once daily for 2 weeks following hypothyroidism induction. Administration of MOK pharmacopuncture significantly increased the PTU-induced decrease in body temperature of hypothyroidism rats. The weights of the spleen were also significantly decreased in hyperthyroidism rats following MOK pharmacopuncture. MOK pharmacopuncture significantly decreased the thyroid stimulating hormone level and increased the T3 and T4 levels in hypothyroidism rats. Administration of MOK pharmacopuncture significantly increased the glucose levels and decreased the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and alanine transaminase in the sera of hypothyroidism rats. The expression of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 was increased in dorsal root ganglion and brain tissues by administration of MOK pharmacopuncture, and glutathione levels and the expression of superoxide dismutase 1 and catalase were increased in the liver and brain tissues. Administration of MOK pharmacopuncture significantly inhibited interferon-γ expression and increased the expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and Forkhead Box P3 in the spleen tissues of hypothyroidism rats. In histological analysis, the administration of MOK pharmacopuncture improved the pathological features in the thyroid glands of hypothyroidism rats. The results suggested that the administration of pharmacopuncture may ameliorate the pathological progression of hypothyroidism by multiple actions, including normalization of the hypothyroidism-induced thyroid hormone imbalance, stimulation of the antioxidant defense system, and regulation of the T helper (Th)1/Th2 imbalance. Therefore, MOK extract may be used for the treatment of hypothyroidism in Korean clinics as a useful pharmacopuncture medicine.
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BACKGROUND: In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of MOK, a pharmacopuncture medicine, on thyroid dysfunction in L-thyroxin (LT4)-induced hyperthyroidism rats. METHODS: The experimental hyperthyroidism model was prepared by the intraperitoneal injection of LT4 (0.5 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks in SD rats. MOK extract was injected at doses of 0.3 or 3 mg/kg on acupuncture points in the thyroid glands of LT4-induced hypothyroidism rats once a day for 2 weeks. The body temperature, body weight, and food/water intake were measured once a week for 2 weeks. The levels of thyroid hormones, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, GOT, and GPT were measured in the sera of rats using ELISA and an automatic blood analyzer. The histological changes of thyroid tissues were observed by H&E staining. The expression of thermo-regulating protein, TRPV1 was determined by western blot in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and brain tissues. We also measured the contents of GSH in the liver and antioxidant enzymes, SOD, and catalase in the liver, heart, and brain tissues by enzyme-based assay and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS: The acupuncture of MOK extract on the thyroid gland of LT4-induced hyperthyroidism rats significantly decreased the body temperature, and did not change body weight and food and water intakes. MOK acupuncture significantly increased the level of TSH, and decreased the levels of T3 and T4 in hyperthyroidism rats. The expression of TRPV1 was inhibited in both DRG and brain tissues after MOK acupuncture, and the levels of GOT, GPT, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol were also decreased. MOK acupuncture also inhibited the pathological feature with follicular lining epithelial thicknesses and increased follicular colloid depositions in the thyroid glands of hypothyroidism. MOK acupuncture significantly increased hepatic GSH levels and decreased the expression of SOD and catalase in the liver, heart, and brain tissues of hyperthyroidism rats. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the pharmacopuncture with MOK extract in hyperthyroidism can improve the pathophysiological changes through regulating the body temperature, thyroid hormones imbalance, lipid accumulation, and oxidation. This anti-hyperthyroidism effect of MOK pharmacopuncture is thought to be related to the control of thermo-regulating protein TRPV1 in DRG and brain.
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Terapia por Acupuntura/métodos , Hipertiroidismo/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Canales Catiónicos TRPV/metabolismo , Puntos de Acupuntura , Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Glándula Tiroides/efectos de los fármacos , Glándula Tiroides/metabolismo , Tiroxina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Radix Pueraria lobata (RP) has been reported to prevent obesity and improve glucose metabolism; however, the mechanism responsible for these effects has not been elucidated. The mechanism underlying anti-obesity effect of RP was investigated in high-fat diet (HFD) induced obese mice and skeletal muscle cells (C2C12). Five-week-old C5BL/6 mice were fed a HFD containing or not containing RP (100 or 300 mg/kg) or metformin (250 mg/kg) for 16 weeks. RP reduced body weight gain, lipid accumulation in liver, and adipocyte and blood lipid levels. In addition, RP dose-dependently improved hyperglycemia, insulinemia, and glucose tolerance, and prevented the skeletal muscle atrophy induced by HFD. Furthermore, RP increased the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) expression and phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in skeletal muscle tissues. RP and its main component, puerarin, increased mitochondrial biogenesis and myotube hypertrophy in C2C12 cells. The present study demonstrates that RP can prevent diet-induced obesity, glucose tolerance, and skeletal muscle atrophy in mouse models of obesity. The mechanism responsible for the effect of RP appears to be related to the upregulation of energy metabolism in skeletal muscle, which at the molecular level may be associated with PGC-1α and AMPK activation.