RESUMEN
This study utilized pomelo steam distillation to isolate pomelo peel essential oil. The constituents were then analyzed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the antibacterial activity of the essential oil emulsions at different homogenizer speed conditions and concentrations of water-soluble chitosan (degree of acetylation, DA = 54.8%) against S. aureus and E. coli was examined. Analysis of the essential oil composition identified a total of 33 compounds with the main constituent, limonene accounting for 87.5% (940.07 mg/g) of the total. The pomelo peel oil was emulsified through homogenization at 24,000 rpm, resulting in a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for E. coli that was 1.9 times lower than that of the essential oil without homogenization. In addition, a mixture of 0.4% essential oil emulsion and 0.03% water-soluble chitosan had the strongest synergetic antibacterial effect on S. aureus and E. coli at pH 7.4. In comparison with chitosan alone, the MIC value of this mixture was significantly 2.4 and 2.5 times lower. Hence, this study suggests using a mixture of emulsified pomelo peel oil and water-soluble chitosan to develop a novel natural food preservative, and that the processability of food, as well as the economic value of the byproducts of the Taiwan Matou pomelo and chitosan, could be increased.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Quitosano/farmacología , Citrus/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Quitosano/química , Ciclohexenos/aislamiento & purificación , Ciclohexenos/farmacología , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Limoneno , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Aceites Volátiles/química , Aceites de Plantas/química , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Solubilidad , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Terpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Terpenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
A food poisoning incident due to ingestion of unknown octopus occurred in Taipei in December, 2010. The serum and urine from victims (male 38 and 43 years old) were collected, determined the toxicity, and identified tetrodotoxin (TTX) by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). It was found that only urine contained the trace of TTX. Then, two retained specimen (one without blue ring in the skin and another with small blue ring in the skin) were collected from victims and examined for the toxicity and toxin. Meanwhile, 6 specimens of octopus without blue ring in the skin and 4 specimens of octopus with blue ring in the skin were re-collected from the market. Both retained octopus samples were found to contain TTX. However, re-collected market's octopus without blue ring in the skin did not show to contain TTX the and was identified as Octopus aegina by using the analysis of cytochrome b gene (Cyt b) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI). Only octopus with blue ring in the skin contained TTX and was identified as Hapalochlaena fasciata by using the analysis of Cyt b and COI. Therefore, this octopus food poisoning was caused by toxic octopus H. fasciata and the causative agent was TTX.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/etiología , Octopodiformes , Tetrodotoxina/toxicidad , Adulto , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Cartilla de ADN , Femenino , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Taiwán/epidemiología , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Tetrodotoxina/químicaRESUMEN
Suspected tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning was associated with eating unknown fish in April 2009 in Taiwan. After ingestion of the fish, symptoms of the victim included perioral paresthesia, nausea, vomiting, ataxia, weakness of all limbs, respiration failure, and death within several hours. The toxicity in the remaining fish was determined, with the mice exhibiting symptoms of neurotoxin poisoning. The implicated fish and deceased victim tissues were analyzed for TTX by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The urine, bile, cerebrospinal fluid (spinal cord), pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion of the victim contained TTX. In addition, the partial cytochrome b gene of the implicated fish was determined by PCR. The DNA sequence in the partial 465-bp cytochrome b gene identified the implicated fish as Chelonodon patoca (puffer fish). These results indicate that people should avoid eating unknown fish species from fish markets where harvested fish may include toxic species.
Asunto(s)
Cromatografía Liquida/métodos , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Tetraodontiformes , Tetrodotoxina/análisis , Animales , Seguridad de Productos para el Consumidor , Peces Venenosos , Humanos , Venenos/análisis , Alimentos Marinos , Intoxicación por Mariscos , Especificidad de la Especie , Tetrodotoxina/envenenamientoRESUMEN
The toxicity and toxin component of gastropod Niotha clathrata implicated to a food paralytic poisoning incident in Kaohsiung, Taiwan in November 2006 were studied. The highest scores of average toxicity in the digestive gland and other portions from collected gastropods were 62+/-24 (mean+/-S.D.) and 32+/-16 microg/g according to tetrodotoxin (TTX) bioassay, respectively. The toxin from these gastropods was large amount and easily identified as tetrodotoxin by traditional method of HPLC-FLD. The toxin of patient's blood serum was trace amount and analyzed by a new developed method LC-MS/MS. LC-MS/MS was contracted by the LC system interfaced with the MS/MS system with a turbo ion spray interface. Positive ion detection and multiple reaction monitoring mode were used for TTX of patient serum. It was found that linearity in serum was observed within concentration ranged of 1-100 ng/ml and limit of detection was 0.1 ng/ml. The LOQ was reproducible at 1 ng/ml in serum. The blood serum showed to contain TTX of 3.30+/-0.08 ng/ml. It indicated that LC-MS/MS was more lower detectable and believable method for TTX determination than LC-MS reported previously. Furthermore, the causative agent of gastropod food poisoning was identified as TTX.
Asunto(s)
Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/diagnóstico , Extracción en Fase Sólida/métodos , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Tetrodotoxina/envenenamiento , Animales , Preescolar , Femenino , Gastrópodos , Humanos , Masculino , Tetrodotoxina/sangreRESUMEN
To differentiate the species of processed eel products, the gene identification of four fresh eel species was first established and the species of eel products collected from markets were investigated. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis were used to determine the genetic variation in a 362-nucleotide region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in four fresh eels including Anguilla japonica, Anguilla anguilla, Anguilla rostrata, and Muraenesox cinereus. It was found that each eel species had a unique genotype, which was no different among fresh, frozen, and sterilized meats. The restriction enzyme HinfI could differentiate the species of A. japonica and A. rostrata but could not differentiate A. anguilla and M. cinereus. Another restriction enzyme, Sau96 I, was valuable in the differentiation of M. cinereus from the other three species of Anguilla. By applying PCR and restriction enzymes, the species of 12 commercial eel products were identified as A. japonica (9 samples), A. anguilla (2), and A. rostrata (1). This indicated that the sequence and restriction enzyme cutting site analyses were very usable to authenticate species of different processed eel products.