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Cerebrovascular disease encompasses a vast array of conditions. The imaging recommendations for stroke-related conditions involving noninflammatory steno-occlusive arterial and venous cerebrovascular disease including carotid stenosis, carotid dissection, intracranial large vessel occlusion, and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis are encompassed by this document. Additional imaging recommendations regarding complications of these conditions including intraparenchymal hemorrhage and completed ischemic strokes are also discussed. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

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High unpredictability has emerged as a dimension of early-life adversity that may contribute to a host of deleterious consequences later in life. Early-life unpredictability affects development of limbic and reward circuits in both rodents and humans, with a potential to increase sensitivity to stressors and mood symptoms later in life. Here, we examined the extent to which unpredictability during childhood was associated with changes in mood symptoms (anhedonia and general depression) after two adult life stressors, combat deployment and civilian reintegration, which were assessed ten years apart. We also examined how perceived stress and social support mediated and /or moderated links between childhood unpredictability and mood symptoms. To test these hypotheses, we leveraged the Marine Resiliency Study, a prospective longitudinal study of the effects of combat deployment on mental health in Active-Duty Marines and Navy Corpsman. Participants (N = 273) were assessed for depression and anhedonia before (pre-deployment) and 3-6 months after (acute post-deployment) a combat deployment. Additional assessment of depression and childhood unpredictability were collected 10 years post-deployment (chronic post-deployment). Higher childhood unpredictability was associated with higher anhedonia and general depression at both acute and chronic post-deployment timepoints (ßs ≥ 0.16, ps ≤.007). The relationship between childhood unpredictability and subsequent depression at acute post-deployment was partially mediated by lower social support (b = 0.07, 95% CI [0.03, 0.15]) while depression at chronic post-deployment was fully mediated by a combination of lower social support (b = 0.14, 95% CI [0.07, 0.23]) and higher perceived stress (b = 0.09, 95% CI [0.05, 0.15]). These findings implicate childhood unpredictability as a potential risk factor for depression in adulthood and suggest that increasing the structure and predictability of childhood routines and developing social support interventions after life stressors could be helpful for preventing adult depression.

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Cerebrovascular disease encompasses a vast array of conditions. The imaging recommendations for stroke-related conditions involving noninflammatory steno-occlusive arterial and venous cerebrovascular disease including carotid stenosis, carotid dissection, intracranial large vessel occlusion, and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis are encompassed by this document. Additional imaging recommendations regarding complications of these conditions including intraparenchymal hemorrhage and completed ischemic strokes are also discussed. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

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Background: Fear overgeneralization is a promising pathogenic mechanism of clinical anxiety. A dominant model posits that hippocampal pattern separation failures drive overgeneralization. Hippocampal network-targeted transcranial magnetic stimulation (HNT-TMS) has been shown to strengthen hippocampal-dependent learning/memory processes. However, no study has examined whether HNT-TMS can alter fear learning/memory. Methods: Continuous theta burst stimulation was delivered to individualized left posterior parietal stimulation sites derived via seed-based connectivity, precision functional mapping, and electric field modeling methods. A vertex control site was also stimulated in a within-participant, randomized controlled design. Continuous theta burst stimulation was delivered prior to 2 visual discrimination tasks (1 fear based, 1 neutral). Multilevel models were used to model and test data. Participants were undergraduates with posttraumatic stress symptoms (final n = 25). Results: Main analyses did not indicate that HNT-TMS strengthened discrimination. However, multilevel interaction analyses revealed that HNT-TMS strengthened fear discrimination in participants with lower fear sensitization (indexed by responses to a control stimulus with no similarity to the conditioned fear cue) across multiple indices (anxiety ratings: ß = 0.10, 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.17, p = .001; risk ratings: ß = 0.07, 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.13, p = .037). Conclusions: Overgeneralization is an associative process that reflects deficient discrimination of the fear cue from similar cues. In contrast, sensitization reflects nonassociative responding unrelated to fear cue similarity. Our results suggest that HNT-TMS may selectively sharpen fear discrimination when associative response patterns, which putatively implicate the hippocampus, are more strongly engaged.

Fear overgeneralization is a promising pathogenic mechanism of clinical anxiety that is thought to be driven by deficient hippocampal discrimination. Using hippocampal network­targeted transcranial magnetic stimulation (HNT-TMS) in healthy participants with symptoms of posttraumatic stress, Webler et al. report that HNT-TMS did not strengthen discrimination overall, but it did strengthen fear discrimination in participants with lower fear sensitization. Sensitization reflects nonassociative fear responding unrelated to fear cue similarity and therefore is not expected to engage the hippocampal discrimination function. These results suggest that HNT-TMS may selectively sharpen fear discrimination when the hippocampal discrimination function is more strongly engaged.

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Soy is considered one of the most promising natural materials for manufacturing wood adhesives due to its low cost, high protein content, and ready availability. However, more cost-effective ways of improving its wet shear strength are needed to achieve wider market acceptance. Protein adhesive wet strength depends on the use of (typically expensive) crosslinking additives as well as the processing/denaturation of the protein. It has been commonly stated in the literature that protein denaturation leads to higher bond strength by activating the surface and exposing the reactive groups. Therefore, we investigated how differences in surface reactive groups (surface hydrophobicity and reactive amine groups) brought on with different denaturation treatments relate to bonding performance. Fourteen soy protein isolates (SPIs) with different denaturation histories were investigated. Characterization of the SPIs included surface hydrophobicity, surface amine content, extent of protein hydrolysis, and bond strength (wet and dry, with and without polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin (PAE) crosslinking agent) by ASTM D7998. The molecular weight patterns showed that proteins denatured by extensive hydrolysis had very low bond strengths. Adding the crosslinker, PAE, improved all the shear strength values. We found that the number of water-accessible reactive amine groups on protein surfaces had no impact on the adhesive strength, even with the amine-reactive crosslinker, PAE. Conversely, increased surface hydrophobicity was beneficial to adhesive strength in all cases, though this correlation was only statistically significant for wet strength without PAE. While, in general, denatured proteins are typically thought to form better bonds than native state proteins, this work suggests that it matters how proteins are denatured, and what surfaces become exposed. Denaturation by hydrolysis did not improve bond strength, and extensive hydrolysis seemed highly detrimental. Moreover, exposing hydrophobic surface groups was beneficial, but exposing covalent bond-forming reactive amine groups was not.

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Exposure and cognitive-based therapies are both effective for PTSD, but knowledge of which intervention is best for which patient is lacking. This lack of knowledge is particularly noticeable for group treatments, as no study has examined whether responses to different group therapies are associated with different pretreatment characteristics. Here, we explored whether pretreatment levels of three types of psychological characteristics-PTSD symptom clusters, posttraumatic cognitions, and emotion regulation difficulties-were associated with symptom reduction during group-delivered cognitive versus exposure-based PTSD treatment. Participants were Veterans with PTSD drawn from two previous clinical trials: one of group CPT (GCPT; n = 32) and the other of group-based exposure therapy (GBET; n = 21). Growth curve modeling was used to identify pretreatment variables that predicted weekly PTSD symptom changes during each therapy. Higher posttraumatic cognitions at pretreatment predicted steeper PTSD symptom reduction during GCPT but not GBET. Additionally, symptom reduction during each therapy was associated with different pretreatment emotion regulation difficulties: difficulties with goal-directed behavior for GBET and lack of emotional clarity and limited access to emotion regulation strategies for GCPT. These findings suggest that assigning Veterans to a group PTSD therapy that better matches their pretreatment psychological profile might facilitate a better therapeutic response.

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Tinnitus is abnormal perception of sound and has many subtypes. Clinical evaluation, audiometry, and otoscopy should be performed before ordering any imaging, as the choice of imaging will depend on various factors. Type of tinnitus (pulsatile or nonpulsatile) and otoscopy findings of a vascular retrotympanic lesion are key determinants to guide the choice of imaging studies. High-resolution CT temporal bone is an excellent tool to detect glomus tumors, abnormal course of vessels, and some other abnormalities when a vascular retrotympanic lesion is seen on otoscopy. CTA or a combination of MR and MRA/MRV are used to evaluate arterial or venous abnormalities like dural arteriovenous fistula, arteriovenous malformation, carotid stenosis, dural sinus stenosis, and bony abnormalities like sigmoid sinus wall abnormalities in cases of pulsatile tinnitus without a vascular retrotympanic lesion. MR of the brain is excellent in detecting mass lesions such as vestibular schwannomas in cases of unilateral nonpulsatile tinnitus. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of patient variables, examination variables, and seasonality on allergic-like and physiologic reactions to iodinated contrast material (ICM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: All ICM-enhanced computed tomography (CT) examinations performed from June 1, 2009, to May 9, 2017, at our institution were included. Reactions were identified and categorized as allergic-like or physiologic and mild, moderate, or severe. The effect of patient and examination variables on reactions was evaluated by logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 359,977 CT examinations performed on 176,886 unique patients were included. A total of 1150 allergic-like reactions (0.32%; 19 severe [0.005%]) and 679 physiologic reactions (0.19%; 3 severe [0.0008%]) occurred. On multivariable analysis, iopromide had higher rates of reactions compared with iohexol (allergic-like reactions: odds ratio [OR], 3.07 [95% CI, 2.37 to 3.98], P<.0001; physiologic reactions: OR, 2.60 [1.92 to 3.52], P<.0001). Non-White patients had higher rates of reactions compared with White patients (allergic-like reactions: OR, 1.77 [1.36-2.30], P<.0001; physiologic reactions: OR, 1.76 [1.27-2.42], P=.0006). Patient age, sex, prior ICM reaction, ICM dose, CT location, and CT type were also significantly associated with reactions. No significant seasonality trend was observed (P=.07 and .80). CONCLUSION: Non-White patients and patients administered iopromide had higher rates of acute reactions compared with White patients and patients administered iohexol. Younger patients (<50 years vs 51 to 60 years), female sex, history of ICM allergy or other allergies, ICM dose, and contrast-enhanced CT location and type also correlated with higher acute reaction rates.

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The urgent need to remediate ocean acidification has brought attention to the ability of marine macrophytes (seagrasses and seaweeds) to take up carbon dioxide (CO2) and locally raise seawater pH via primary production. This physiological process may represent a powerful ocean acidification mitigation tool in coastal areas. However, highly variable nearshore environmental conditions pose uncertainty in the extent of the amelioration effect. We developed experiments in aquaria to address two interconnected goals. First, we explored the individual capacities of four species of marine macrophytes (Ulva lactuca, Zostera marina, Fucus vesiculosus and Saccharina latissima) to ameliorate seawater acidity in experimentally elevated pCO2. Second, we used the most responsive species (i.e., S. latissima) to assess the effects of high and low water residence time on the amelioration of seawater acidity in ambient and simulated future scenarios of climate change across a gradient of irradiance. We measured changes in dissolved oxygen, pH, and total alkalinity, and derived resultant changes to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω). While all species increased productivity under elevated CO2, S. latissima was able to remove DIC and alter pH and Ω more substantially as CO2 increased. Additionally, the amelioration of seawater acidity by S. latissima was optimized under high irradiance and high residence time. However, the influence of water residence time was insignificant under future scenarios. Finally, we applied predictive models as a function of macrophyte biomass, irradiance, and residence time conditions in ambient and future climatic scenarios to allow projections at the ecosystem level. This research contributes to understanding the biological and physical drivers of the coastal CO2 system.

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ABSTRACT: Leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 autoimmune encephalitis is a treatable cause of autoimmune epilepsy associated with faciobrachial dystonic seizures-a rare form of epilepsy with frequent brief seizures primarily affecting the arm and face. We report a case with characteristic imaging findings. 18 F-FDG PET/CT demonstrated severe hypometabolism in the left basal ganglia, a regional abnormality associated with leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 encephalitis.

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STUDY OBJECTIVES: Intranasal administration of esketamine is Food and Drug Administration-approved for treatment-resistant depression. In a recent retrospective case series, we show that it has promise in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well. Untreated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is prevalent among veterans with PTSD and has been shown to interfere with other PTSD treatments. In the current study, we examined whether OSA impacts esketamine's effectiveness in reducing symptoms of PTSD or depression. METHODS: Participants were 60 veterans with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder and PTSD who received intranasal esketamine treatment at the San Diego Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center. We used growth-curve modeling to examine changes in depression and PTSD symptoms following esketamine treatments and, in the subset of individuals screened for OSA (n = 24, all prescribed positive airway pressure therapy), examined the impacts of OSA severity on these trajectories. RESULTS: We first showed that both PTSD and depressive symptoms significantly decreased over the course of esketamine treatment. In the subset of veterans screened for OSA, individuals with lower OSA severity reported the greatest reduction in PTSD symptoms, while veterans with the most severe OSA reported the least reduction in PTSD symptoms. Depression response was not affected by severity of OSA in this analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Veterans with PTSD and depression tend to benefit from esketamine treatment, but OSA may interfere with esketamine effectiveness. Comorbid OSA should be assessed for and treated to maximize esketamine's benefits in PTSD. CITATION: Titone MK, Hunt C, Bismark A, et al. The effect of obstructive sleep apnea severity on PTSD symptoms during the course of esketamine treatment: a retrospective clinical study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(12):2043-2051.

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OBJECTIVE: Prolonged exposure (PE) is an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but veterans with sexual assault (SA) trauma often discontinue it prematurely. Elevated dropout rates may be due to SA triggering more intense and complex emotions that are more difficult to habituate during imaginal exposures; SA during PE has yet to be examined as a moderator of distress habituation or symptom reduction. METHOD: Participants were N = 65 veterans (n = 12 SA treatment focus; n = 10 SA history but not treatment focus; n = 43 no SA history) enrolled in a clinical trial of a preparatory sleep intervention followed by PE. The sample was representative of the veteran population. Growth curve modeling was used to examine differences in peak subjective units of distress scale (SUDS) ratings across imaginal exposures and changes in biweekly PTSD symptom assessments between veterans who did versus did not focus on SA during PE and between veterans who did versus did not endorse a history of SA. RESULTS: Peak SUDS ratings and PTSD symptoms declined slower among veterans who focused on an SA trauma relative to those who did not. In contrast, participants who endorsed SA history showed similar declines in distress and PTSD symptoms relative to veterans with no SA history. CONCLUSIONS: Veterans who focus on SA during PE may take longer to habituate to trauma content and experience resolution of PTSD symptoms. Awareness of this pattern could allow clinicians to deliver PE more effectively to veterans focusing on an SA trauma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

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OBJECTIVE: Our study defines a novel electrode placement method called Functionally Adaptive Myosite Selection (FAMS), as a tool for rapid and effective electrode placement during prosthesis fitting. We demonstrate a method for determining electrode placement that is adaptable towards individual patient anatomy and desired functional outcomes, agnostic to the type of classification model used, and provides insight into expected classifier performance without training multiple models. METHODS: FAMS relies on a separability metric to rapidly predict classifier performance during prosthesis fitting. RESULTS: The results show a predictable relationship between the FAMS metric and classifier accuracy (3.45%SE), allowing estimation of control performance with any given set of electrodes. Electrode configurations selected using the FAMS metric show improved control performance ( ) for target electrode counts compared to established methods when using an ANN classifier, and equivalent performance ( R2 ≥ .96) to previous top-performing methods on an LDA classifier, with faster convergence ( ). We used the FAMS method to determine electrode placement for two amputee subjects by using the heuristic to search through possible sets, and checking for saturation in performance vs electrode count. The resulting configurations that averaged 95.8% of the highest possible classification performance using a mean 25 number of electrodes (19.5% of the available sites). SIGNIFICANCE: FAMS can be used to rapidly approximate the tradeoffs between increased electrode count and classifier performance, a useful tool during prosthesis fitting.

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Headache is an ancient problem plaguing a large proportion of the population. At present, headache disorders rank third among the global causes of disability, accounting for over $78 billion per year in direct and indirect costs in the United States. Given the prevalence of headache and the wide range of possible etiologies, the goal of this document is to help clarify the most appropriate initial imaging guidelines for headache for eight clinical scenarios/variants, which range from acute onset, life-threatening etiologies to chronic benign scenarios. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

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Prolonged exposure (PE) is an evidenced-based psychotherapy for PTSD, but many Veterans fail to achieve a clinically meaningful response. Sleep issues are prevalent in Veterans and may interfere with PE by disrupting the learning and consolidation of fear extinction memories during PE exposures. Here, we examined whether changes in fear extinction across imaginal exposures and PTSD symptoms during PE were predicted by diary-assessed levels of nightly sleep efficiency (SE; i.e., percent of time in bed spent sleeping), which may indirectly index sleep fragmentation and sleep-facilitated memory processes. Participants were Veterans with PTSD and comorbid insomnia (N = 40) participating in a clinical trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia plus PE. SE was measured via nightly sleep diaries, fear extinction was operationalized as a reduction in peak distress between weekly imaginal exposures, and PTSD symptoms were assessed bi-weekly. Cross-lagged panel models revealed that higher sleep efficiency during the week predicted lower peak distress at the subsequent imaginal exposure and lower PTSD symptoms at the subsequent assessment, whereas PTSD symptoms and peak distress did not predict subsequent sleep efficiency. Efficient sleep may facilitate fear extinction and PTSD reduction during PE. Targeting sleep efficiency could improve PE effectiveness for Veterans with comorbid insomnia.

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BACKGROUND: Virtual and augmented reality (AR) have become popular modalities for training myoelectric prosthesis control with upper-limb amputees. While some systems have shown moderate success, it is unclear how well the complex motor skills learned in an AR simulation transfer to completing the same tasks in physical reality. Limb loading is a possible dimension of motor skill execution that is absent in current AR solutions that may help to increase skill transfer between the virtual and physical domains. METHODS: We implemented an immersive AR environment where individuals could operate a myoelectric virtual prosthesis to accomplish a variety of object relocation manipulations. Intact limb participants were separated into three groups, the load control (CGLD; [Formula: see text]), the AR control (CGAR; [Formula: see text]), and the experimental group (EG; [Formula: see text]). Both the CGAR and EG completed a 5-session prosthesis training protocol in AR while the CGLD performed simple muscle training. The EG attempted manipulations in AR while undergoing limb loading. The CGAR attempted the same manipulations without loading. All participants performed the same manipulations in physical reality while operating a real prosthesis pre- and post-training. The main outcome measure was the change in the number of manipulations completed during the physical reality assessments (i.e. completion rate). Secondary outcomes included movement kinematics and visuomotor behavior. RESULTS: The EG experienced a greater increase in completion rate post-training than both the CGAR and CGLD. This performance increase was accompanied by a shorter motor learning phase, the EG's performance saturating in less sessions of AR training than the CGAR. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that limb loading plays an important role in transferring complex motor skills learned in virtual spaces to their physical reality analogs. While participants who did not receive limb loading were able to receive some functional benefit from AR training, participants who received the loading experienced a greater positive change in motor performance with their performance saturating in fewer training sessions.

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Dimensional models of obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms, as seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), are instrumental in explaining the heterogeneity observed in this condition and for informing cutting-edge assessments. Prior structural work in this area finds that OC symptoms cross-load under both Negative Affectivity and Psychoticism traits within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) Alternative Model of Personality Disorder (AMPD). However, tests of OC symptoms in conjunction with assessments of the full AMPD structure and its 25 lower-level facets representing narrower symptom content are lacking. We applied joint exploratory factor analysis to an AMPD measure (Personality Inventory for DSM-5; PID-5) and OC symptom data from two separate samples (total N = 1,506) to locate OC symptoms within AMPD space. OC symptoms cross-loaded on Negative Affectivity, Psychoticism, and on the low end of Disinhibition. We also report exploratory analyses of OC symptom subscales with PID-5 variables. Results are discussed in the context OC symptoms' location in PID-5 space, implications for assessment, and placement of OCD within the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology.

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BACKGROUND: Mutations in the L/M cone opsin gene array cause abnormally high perceived retinal contrast and the development of myopia. Environmental factors may also lead to high visual contrast and cause myopia. Diffusion optics technology (DOT) lenses are designed to reduce contrast signalling in the retina and slow myopia progression. METHODS: The Control of Myopia Using Peripheral Diffusion Lenses Efficacy and Safety Study (CYPRESS, NCT03623074) is a 36-month, multicentre, randomised, controlled, double-masked trial evaluating two investigational spectacle lenses versus control lenses in myopic children aged 6-10, with a planned interim analysis at 12 months. The primary endpoints are change from baseline in axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER). RESULTS: 256 children (58% female; mean age at screening, 8.1 years) were dispensed spectacles. Across all groups, baseline averages were AL 24.02 mm (SD±0.77 mm), SER -2.01 D (SD±0.9 D) using manifest refraction, and SER -1.94 D (SD±1.0 D) using cycloplegic autorefraction. At 12 months, mean difference in SER progression for test 1 versus control was -0.40 D (p<0.0001), representing a 74% reduction and -0.32 D for Test 2 (p<0.0001), representing a 59% reduction. The difference in AL progression for test 1 versus control was 0.15 mm (p<0.0001) and test 2 versus control was 0.10 mm (p=0.0018). CONCLUSION: 12-month results from this ongoing trial demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of DOT spectacles for reducing myopic progression.

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Advances in computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing software have improved translational applications of virtual surgical planning (VSP) in craniomaxillofacial surgery, allowing for precise and accurate fabrication of cutting guides, stereolithographic models, and custom implants. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) imaging has traditionally been the gold standard imaging modality for VSP in craniomaxillofacial surgery but delivers ionizing radiation. Black bone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reduces the risks related to radiation exposure and has comparable functionality when compared with CT for VSP. Our group has studied the accuracy of utilizing black bone MRI in planning and executing several types of craniofacial surgeries, including cranial vault remodeling, maxillary advancement, and mandibular reconstruction using fibular bone. Here, we review clinical applications of black bone MRI pertaining to VSP and three-dimensional (3D)-printed guide creation for craniomaxillofacial surgery. Herein, we review the existing literature and our institutional experience comparing black bone MRI and CT in VSP-generated 3D model creation in cadaveric craniofacial surgeries including cranial vault reconstruction, maxillary advancement, and mandibular reconstruction with fibular free flap. Cadaver studies have demonstrated the ability to perform VSP and execute the procedure based on black bone MRI data and achieve outcomes similar to CT when performed for cranial vault reshaping, maxillary advancement, and mandibular reconstruction with free fibula. Limitations of the technology include increased time and costs of the MRI compared with CT and the possible need for general anesthesia or sedation in the pediatric population. VSP and 3D surgical guide creation can be performed using black bone MRI with comparable accuracy to high-resolution CT scans in a wide variety of craniofacial reconstructions. Successful segmentation, VSP, and 3D printing of accurate guides from black bone MRI demonstrate potential to change the preoperative planning standard of care. Black bone MRI also reduces exposure to ionizing radiation, which is of particular concern for the pediatric population or patients undergoing multiple scans.

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The potential benefits of adding raw, non-food, lignocellulosic plant material as a carbon source for mixotrophic growth of microalgae have previously been demonstrated. This approach has advantages over using traditional carbon sources like glucose or acetate due to wide-spread plant biomass availability and substrate recalcitrance to bacterial contamination. Here, we report the overall growth characteristics and explore the metabolic patterns of Scenedesmus obliquus cultured in the presence raw plant substrate. An initial screen of plant substrate candidates showed an increase in specific growth rate and biomass accumulation when S. obliquus was cultured in the presence of switchgrass or yard waste compared to media alone. We observed a near doubling of microalgal dry weight when S. obliquus was grown with 0.2% (w/v) switchgrass under ambient CO2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of corn stem after S. obliquus cultivation exhibited substantial phloem degradation. Transcriptomic analyses of S. obliquus during mid- and late-log phase growth revealed a dynamic metabolic landscape within many KEGG pathways. Notably, differential expression was observed for several potential glycosyl hydrolases. We also investigated the influence of switchgrass on the growth of S. obliquus at 50 L volume in mini raceway ponds to determine the scalability of this approach.