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The aim of this study was to reveal the potentially genotoxic effect of zearalenone on bovine lymphocytes by comet assay in vitro. The bovine lymphocytes were exposed to various zearalenone concetrations (50; 10; 2; 0.4 and 0.08 ppm). The viability and DNA damage of lymphocytes was monitored after 2 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. After 2 hours of zearalenone exposure, statistically significant DNA damage occurred at all tested concentrations of 0.08 ppm (12.2±1.25; p⟨0.05), 0.4 ppm (12.7±0.88; p⟨0.01), 2 ppm (12.0±0.51; p⟨0.01), 10 ppm (11.2±0.47; p⟨0.01) and at 50 ppm (14.2±0 61; p⟨0.001). Significantly greater DNA damage was also found after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. The obtained results showed that zearalenone may induce DNA damage of the bovine lymphocytes.

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The application of pesticides and chemical fertilizers constitutes a potential risk to human and animals due to the presence of their residues in the food. Thiacloprid belongs to a group of neonicotinoid insecticides. It shows a cytotoxic/cytostatic effect in human peripheral blood lymphocytes probably due to DNA damage. The use of thiacloprid is increasingly widespread worldwide, therefore is very important the assessment of its possible genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on a living organism. That is the reason why we studied the thiacloprid influence on the structure and stability of DNA in presented work. We have been studied the thiacloprid interaction with calf thymus DNA. Association constant was determined by fluorescence spectroscopy using equilibrium receptor-ligand binding analysis. The thermal denaturation of DNA was used to identify the mode of interaction. Viscosity changes were recorded to confirm/disconfirm the intercalation mode of interaction. Given the results, we can conclude that neonicotinoid pesticide thiacloprid destabilizes DNA. It changes the structure and stability of DNA through binding into the minor groove by hydrophobic or hydrogen interactions.

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The cytogenetic effects of in vitro exposure to benzene were investigated in cultured bovine peripheral lymphocytes. Stable and unstable chromosome aberrations (CA) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were examined. Cultures of lymphocytes from two healthy donors were treated with benzene at concentrations of 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 micromol.l-1 for the last 24 hours and for 2 hours of cultivation, both without and with metabolic activation (S9). In the CA assays with conventional Giemsa staining for 24 hours without metabolic activation, no dose-dependence in the induced chromosome aberration was achieved. A significant elevation in the induction of CA was found only after the application of benzene at a dose of 100 micromol.l-1 (p<0.01). Similar results were observed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method for the detection both of non-stable and persistent chromatid-type aberrations and in the SCE assay for 24 hours without S9. All the lower and higher concentrations tested have no positive influence on CA and SCE induction. In experiments with S9 a significant increase in CAs, and a dose-dependence was achieved after exposure to benzene for 2 hours at concentrations ranging from 50 to 500 micromol.l-1 (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively).

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OBJECTIVE: To control the occurrence of the antibodies against Staphylococcal type A and type B enterotoxin in gynaecological patients and in selected patients to determine the thermodynamic parameters of antibodies against Staphylococcal enterotoxins in their blood samples. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. SETTING: 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, P. J. Safárik University Kosice, Slovak Republic; Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology, Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA. METHODS: The occurrence of antibodies against Staphylococcal type A and type B enterotoxin was determined in 68 patients hospitalized in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Kosice. RESULTS: The occurrence of antibodies against Staphylococcal enterotoxins was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in blood samples of 45 (66%) patients. The antibodies against Staphylococcal type A enterotoxin were determined in 36 (53%) patients and the antibodies against Staphylococcal type B enterotoxin were determined in 9 (13%) patients. The antibodies against both type A and type B enterotoxins were determined simultaneously in blood samples of 10% of all patients. The thermodynamic parameters of the antibodies were determined in 5 patients with positive serum findings. CONCLUSION: With regard to the existence of heterogeneous clinical findings in large amount of patients with antibodies against Staphylococcal enterotoxins, the next study of Staphylococcal enterotoxins role in pathogenesis of wide spectrum of diseases is necessary.

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Robertsonian translocation (centric fusion) is one of the most frequent types of chromosome aberrations found in cattle. Observing the health state of a group of dairy cows in the fallout region of a metallurgical plant, centric fusion of chromosomes was discovered in one animal. Chromosome fusion is supposed within pairs 13-24 (dicentric translocation). Although the finding was started in a commercial flock, it is rather interesting from the viewpoint of the R. translocation type and because of the fact that the father of this dairy cow (bull NOM-37) had been used in insemination for several years and his semen is still preserved for further use.

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The health of animals depends not only on the level of hygiene on the farms but also on the ability of the individual to withstand diseases and to face various unfavourable effects of the environment. On the cellular level, chromosome analysis in the peripheral lymphocytes of farm animals is used to determine the effects of various environmental factors. According to present knowledge the frequency of chromosome aberrations is considered to be a quantitative index of genetic damage. The present work reports on in-vitro observations of structural aberrations in the peripheral lymphocytes of Merino and crossbred sheep kept under good hygienic conditions. Comparison of the incidence of aberrant cells (AB.C.) was carried out in two seasons of the year (Tab. I). There was not a significant difference (P > 0.05) between the spring (0.96%-AB.C.) and autumn findings (1.59% AB.C.). In these seasons, chromatid breaks (B1) were the most frequently recorded structural aberrations. Comparison of the three age groups (comprising animals aged 1-2, 3-4 or 5-9 years) did not reveal any significant differences in the AB.C. percentage (P > 0.05, Tab. II).

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