RESUMEN
Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) housed in kennelling establishments are considered at risk of suffering poor welfare. Previous research supporting this hypothesis has typically used cortisol:creatinine ratios (C/Cr) to measure acute and chronic stress in kennelled dogs. However, the value of C/Cr as a welfare indicator has been questioned. This study aimed to test the validity of a range of physiological, physical and behavioural welfare indicators and to establish baseline values reflecting good dog welfare. Measurements were taken from 29 privately-owned dogs (14 males, 15 females), ranging in age and breed, in their own home and in a boarding kennel environment, following a within-subjects, counterbalanced design. Pairwise comparisons revealed that C/Cr and vanillylmandelic acid:creatinine ratios (VMA/Cr) were higher in the kennel than home environment (P=0.003; P=0.01, respectively) and were not associated with differences in movement/exercise between environments. Dogs' surface temperature was lower in kennels (P=0.001) and was not associated with ambient temperature. No association with age, or effects of kennel establishment, kennelling experience, sex or source were found. Dogs were generally more active in kennels, but showed considerable individual variability. C/Cr and 5-HIAA:creatinine ratios (5-HIAA/Cr) were negatively correlated with lip licking in kennels. Baseline values for each parameter are presented. The emotional valence of responses was ambiguous and no definitive evidence was found to suggest that dogs were negatively stressed by kennelling. It was concluded that C/Cr and, particularly, VMA/Cr and surface temperature provide robust indicators of psychological arousal in dogs, while spontaneous behaviour might be better used to facilitate interpretation of physiological and physical data on an individual level.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Animal/fisiología , Perros/fisiología , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatología , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Temperatura Corporal/fisiología , Creatina/orina , Perros/orina , Ambiente , Femenino , Ácido Homovanílico/orina , Hidrocortisona/orina , Ácido Hidroxiindolacético/orina , Masculino , Malondialdehído/orina , Actividad Motora , Restricción Física , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoRESUMEN
The standards and specifications for the quality and composition of tomato concentrates are reviewed. The main quality parameters of tomato puree and paste are color, consistency and flavor. Overall, there is an absence of standardization of methods and instruments to define quality. While color can now be measured objectively, there are currently no standard color requirements for tomato concentrates. Rheological measurements on both tomato juice and concentrates are reviewed; the power law finds wide applicability, although other rheological characteristics, particularly time dependency, have received far less attention and there has been little effort to relate rheological understanding to the commonly used empirical tests such as consistency measurements. The volatiles responsible for flavor and odor have been identified to the point where the natural odor of tomato paste can be imitated. Attempts to develop objective methods as a substitute for sensory assessment are reviewed.
Asunto(s)
Microbiología de Alimentos , Conservación de Alimentos/normas , Industria de Procesamiento de Alimentos/normas , Solanum lycopersicum/normas , Bacillus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Clostridium botulinum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Colorimetría/instrumentación , Colorimetría/métodos , Conservación de Alimentos/métodos , Lactobacillus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiología , Aceites Volátiles/química , Control de Calidad , Reología/instrumentación , Reología/métodos , Olfato , Gusto , ViscosidadRESUMEN
Our objective was to determine the influence of health consciousness in the utilization of mammography in asymptomatic African American women. The sample consisted of 670 women who participated in a household interview in two cities. Logistic regression was used to determine the independent effects of health consciousness, holding constant other factors believed to be related to mammography utilization. Health insurance, income below the poverty line, and an annual physical were not significant predictors. The single most important predictor of having a mammogram was the regular practice of breast self-examination; the group of women who practiced self-examination was almost twice as likely to have a mammogram.