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The World Health Organization declared mpox (formerly monkeypox) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in July 2022. Aotearoa New Zealand has reported cases of mpox since July, with reports of locally acquired cases since October 2022. The 2022 global mpox outbreak highlights many features of the illness not previously described, including at-risk populations, mode of transmission, atypical clinical features, and complications. It is important that all clinicians are familiar with the variety of clinical manifestations, as patients may present to different healthcare providers, and taking lessons from the HIV pandemic, that all patients are managed without stigma or discrimination. There have been numerous publications since the outbreak began. Our narrative clinical review attempts to bring together the current clinical evidence for the New Zealand clinician.
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Brotes de Enfermedades , Personal de Salud , Mpox , Humanos , Nueva Zelanda/epidemiología , Pandemias , Salud Pública , Mpox/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a rare cause of bacterial meningitis and most commonly occurs as a nosocomial infection in patients' post-neurosurgery. We report a patient post-allogenic stem cell transplant, with no prior history of neurosurgical procedures, who developed S. haemolyticus meningitis and bacteremia following central catheter-related bloodstream infection. The patient failed therapy with vancomycin and daptomycin but was successfully treated with a prolonged course of linezolid. We review the pharmacological management of coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) meningitis, with a focus on the pharmacokinetic properties of vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend that women with HIV infection receive annual cervical smears. METHODS: We evaluated the uptake of annual cervical smears by women with HIV infection under the care of the Infectious Disease Service at Auckland City Hospital. In an attempt to identify potential barriers to regularly receiving an annual cervical smear, we invited the women to complete a questionnaire. The responses from women who had regularly received an annual cervical smear were compared with those who had not. RESULTS: The proportion of women who had received a cervical smear increased from 44% in 2001, to 73% in 2010 (p=0.001). Ninety-three women (76%) completed the study questionnaire. No statistically significant differences were found in the questionnaire responses between the women who had regularly received an annual cervical smear and those who had not. CONCLUSION: The proportion of women in this cohort who received a cervical smear in 2010 is comparable with other studies of women with HIV infection in New Zealand and overseas. We have not been able to identify barriers that prevent women with HIV infection in Auckland regularly receiving an annual cervical smear. We plan to encourage women who have not received a cervical smear in the previous 2-year period to have a cervical smear performed when they attend the Infectious Disease Clinic, and will continue to notify the National Cervical Screening Programme that all women who are newly diagnosed with HIV infection should have an annual recall code attached to future cervical smear reports. We expect that these interventions will further increase the proportion of women with HIV infection in Auckland who receive an annual cervical smear.
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Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Tamizaje Masivo/estadística & datos numéricos , Prueba de Papanicolaou/estadística & datos numéricos , Frotis Vaginal/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , Barreras de Comunicación , Escolaridad , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nueva Zelanda/epidemiología , Grupos Raciales/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Traducción , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
AIM: New Zealand has low rates of disease caused by to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This study is the first to describe a New Zealand cohort of patients with HIV-associated TB. METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records, laboratory data and chest radiographs of all patients who were diagnosed with HIV-associated TB and who commenced treatment for TB disease at Auckland City Hospital between January 1997 and July 2009. RESULTS: During the 12-and-a-half year study period, 40 patients were diagnosed with HIV-associated TB. The median age was 37 years and the median CD4 count was 130 cells/mm3. Only 2 patients were New Zealand born. Twenty-four (60%) patients had known HIV infection prior to their diagnosis of TB disease. Two patients with known HIV infection and positive tuberculin skin tests had not received treatment for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Twenty-three (58%) patients received antiretroviral treatment during their TB treatment. There were 21 episodes of treatment interruption or immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Three (8%) patients died. CONCLUSIONS: New Zealand continues to have a low incidence of HIV-associated TB. Early HIV diagnosis with universal screening and the treatment of LTBI in persons living with HIV infection is key to minimising the disease burden.
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Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Gastrointestinal/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Ganglionar/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/epidemiología , Adulto , Antituberculosos/uso terapéutico , Coinfección/epidemiología , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Síndrome Inflamatorio de Reconstitución Inmune/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nueva Zelanda/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Gastrointestinal/tratamiento farmacológico , Tuberculosis Ganglionar/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Ganglionar/tratamiento farmacológico , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Background We performed a prospective audit of screening for asymptomatic sexually transmissible infections (STIs), during an intensive effort to screen all patients at our hospital-based HIV clinic. We aimed to measure the effectiveness and resource implications of our screening program. METHODS: All outpatients who attended during an 8-month period were invited to take part in opt-out screening for chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis), gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) and syphilis. Participants completed a brief questionnaire, were asked about current symptoms of STIs and self-collected specimens for laboratory testing. RESULTS: The majority (535 out of 673, 80%) of the patients who were asked to participate provided specimens for screening. No chlamydia, gonorrhoea or syphilis infections were identified in women (n=91) or in heterosexual men (n=76). In contrast, 34 out of 368 (10%) of men who have sex with men tested positive (chlamydia, 25; gonorrhoea, 2; chlamydia and gonorrhoea, 2; syphilis, 5). The laboratory cost of diagnosing each case of rectal chlamydia or gonorrhoea (NZ$664) was substantially lower than the cost of diagnosing each case of urethral infection (NZ$5309). CONCLUSIONS: There was high uptake of screening among our clinic population, who preferred screening to be performed at the hospital clinic. The yield of screening men who have sex with men warrants continued annual screening for rectal gonorrhoea and chlamydia and for syphilis.