RESUMEN
Impairment in reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an essential component of early social competence, clinically defines autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the behavioral and genetic architecture of RSB in toddlerhood, when ASD first emerges, has not been fully characterized. We analyzed data from a quantitative video-referenced rating of RSB (vrRSB) in two toddler samples: a community-based volunteer research registry (n = 1,563) and an ethnically diverse, longitudinal twin sample ascertained from two state birth registries (n = 714). Variation in RSB was continuously distributed, temporally stable, significantly associated with ASD risk at age 18 months, and only modestly explained by sociodemographic and medical factors (r2 = 9.4%). Five latent RSB factors were identified and corresponded to aspects of social communication or restricted repetitive behaviors, the two core ASD symptom domains. Quantitative genetic analyses indicated substantial heritability for all factors at age 24 months (h2 ≥ .61). Genetic influences strongly overlapped across all factors, with a social motivation factor showing evidence of newly-emerging genetic influences between the ages of 18 and 24 months. RSB constitutes a heritable, trait-like competency whose factorial and genetic structure is generalized across diverse populations, demonstrating its role as an early, enduring dimension of inherited variation in human social behavior. Substantially overlapping RSB domains, measurable when core ASD features arise and consolidate, may serve as markers of specific pathways to autism and anchors to inform determinants of autism's heterogeneity.
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Trastorno del Espectro Autista , Trastorno Autístico , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/diagnóstico , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/genética , Trastorno Autístico/genética , Conducta Infantil , Preescolar , Cognición , Humanos , Lactante , Conducta Social , Grabación en VideoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Understanding differences in nicotine dependence assessments' ability to predict smoking cessation is complicated by variation in quit attempt contexts. Pregnancy reduces this variation, as each pregnant smoker receives the same strong cessation incentive. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy (SDP) provides a powerful paradigm for analyzing the interplay between nicotine dependence measures and sociodemographics in predicting cessation failure. METHODS: Data from a female twin cohort (median birth year 1980), assessed in teens and early twenties, were merged with birth records to identify those with smoking history who experienced childbirth (N = 1657 births, N = 763 mothers). Logistic regression predicting SDP, as a function of birth record sociodemographic variables, generated a sociodemographic risk-score. Further analysis incorporated the risk-score with data from research interviews on DSM-IV-Nicotine Dependence symptom count, Heaviness of Smoking Index. RESULTS: Low maternal educational level, younger age at childbirth, and being unmarried all contributed risk for SDP. In addition to sociodemographic risk-score, the best predictors of SDP included HSI-score (OR:1.51), their two-way interaction (OR:0.39; reduced impact of dependence at intermediate-high sociodemographic risk), history of ≥ two failed quit attempts (OR:1.38), and a dummy variable for prior pregnancy at time of assessment (OR:1.82). DSM-IV-Nicotine Dependence symptoms underperformed the Heaviness of Smoking Index and did not improve prediction when added to the best model. CONCLUSIONS: The 2-item Heaviness of Smoking Index measure and report of ≥ two failed quit attempts performed best for predicting SDP. The contribution of either nicotine dependence measure to SDP risk was diminished at increased levels of sociodemographic risk.
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Fumar Cigarrillos/terapia , Complicaciones del Embarazo/terapia , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Tabaquismo/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fumar Cigarrillos/psicología , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Motivación , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/psicología , Factores de Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/psicología , Tabaquismo/psicología , Gemelos/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The current investigation assessed for moderating effects of childhood trauma on genetic and environmental contributions to timing of alcohol use initiation and alcohol use disorder in African American (AA) and European American (EA) women. Data were drawn from diagnostic telephone interviews conducted with 3786 participants (14.6% AA) in a longitudinal female twin study. Childhood trauma was defined alternately as child maltreatment and more broadly to include other events (e.g., witnessing violence). Phenotypic associations between childhood trauma and alcohol outcomes were estimated using logistic regression analyses. Twin modeling was conducted to test for moderating effects of childhood trauma on the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to timing of initiation and alcohol use disorder. Under both definitions, childhood trauma was associated with early initiation (relative risk ratios: 1.90, 1.72) and alcohol use disorder (odds ratios: 1.92, 1.76). Yet gene by environment effects were observed only for child maltreatment and timing of initiation in EA women, with heritable influences less prominent in those who had experienced child maltreatment (0.35, 95% CI: 0.05-0.66 vs. 0.52, 95% CI: 0.30-0.73). We found more similarities than differences in the association of childhood trauma with alcohol outcomes across racial/ethnic groups, trauma type, and stages of alcohol use. However, findings suggest that the relative contribution of genetic factors to alcohol outcomes differs by childhood maltreatment history in EA women specifically in the earliest stage of alcohol use.
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Alcoholismo/etiología , Alcoholismo/genética , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Población Blanca/psicología , Adolescente , Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Missouri/epidemiología , Investigación Cualitativa , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Childhood maltreatment is a known risk factor for cannabis initiation and problem use, but the extent to which this association is attributable to shared familial influences is unknown. We estimate the magnitude of associations between childhood maltreatment, timing of cannabis initiation, and cannabis-related problems, in European-American (EA) and African-American (AA) women, and parse the relative influence of additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and individual-specific environmental (E) factors on these constructs and their covariation. METHODS: Data were from diagnostic telephone interviews conducted with 3786 participants (14.6% AA) in a population-based study of female twins. Logistic regression analyses and twin modeling were used to test for associations, and estimate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences to childhood maltreatment and cannabis outcomes and their covariation. RESULTS: Maltreatment was significantly associated with increased likelihood of cannabis initiation before age 15 among EAs (OR=6.33) and AAs (OR=3.93), but with increased likelihood of later initiation among EAs only (OR=1.68). Maltreatment was associated with cannabis problems among both groups (EA OR=2.32; AA OR=2.03). Among EA women, the covariation between maltreatment and cannabis outcomes was primarily attributable to familial environment (rC=0.67-0.70); among AAs, only individual-specific environment contributed (rE=0.37-0.40). CONCLUSION: Childhood maltreatment is a major contributor to early initiation of cannabis as well as progression to cannabis problems in both AA and EA women. Distinctions by race/ethnicity are not in the relative contribution of genetic factors, but rather in the type of environmental influences that contribute to stages of cannabis involvement.
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Cannabis/efectos de los fármacos , Gemelos/genética , Población Blanca/genética , Cannabis/química , Cognición , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Ambiente , Femenino , Humanos , Fenotipo , Factores de Riesgo , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the associations among paternal alcohol problems, separation, and educational attainment in European American and African American offspring and whether offspring early alcohol/tobacco/marijuana use influenced these associations. METHOD: Families with offspring ages 13-19 years at intake were selected from state birth records and screened by telephone to determine high-risk or low-risk status (with/without paternal heavy drinking). Families of men with two or more driving-under-the-influence offenses were added as a very-high-risk group. Data from 340 African American and 288 European American offspring who were not enrolled in school at their last interview were analyzed. Educational attainment was modeled as less than high school, high school only (reference category), and some college or higher. Separation was defined as offspring report of not having lived continuously in the same household with their biological father from birth to age 14. Analyses were stratified by race. RESULTS: In European Americans, neither family risk status nor early alcohol/tobacco/marijuana use was associated with educational outcomes. However, paternal separation significantly elevated the likelihood of not completing high school in all models (relative risk ratios [RRRs] = 6.0-8.1, p <.001). For African American offspring, likelihoods of high school noncompletion were elevated marginally for paternal separation in only one model, but significantly for early marijuana use (RRRs = 2.8-3.2, p < .05). Very-high-risk status significantly reduced the likelihood of post-high school education in an adjusted model (RRR = 0.4, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: High school noncompletion was significantly associated with paternal separation in European Americans and with early marijuana use in African American offspring. In addition, very-high-risk status reduced the likelihood of post-high school education in African American offspring only, suggesting that research with ethnically diverse samples yields important differences when examining outcomes of both separation and substance use on offspring education.
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Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/epidemiología , Padre , Fumar Marihuana/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Abuso de Marihuana/epidemiología , Oportunidad Relativa , Riesgo , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The ability to inhibit prepotent but context- or goal-inappropriate responses is essential for adaptive self-regulation of behavior. Deficits in response inhibition, a key component of impulsivity, have been implicated as a core dysfunction in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders such as ADHD and addictions. Identification of genetically transmitted variation in the neural underpinnings of response inhibition can help to elucidate etiological pathways to these disorders and establish the links between genes, brain, and behavior. However, little is known about genetic influences on the neural mechanisms of response inhibition during adolescence, a developmental period characterized by weak self-regulation of behavior. Here we investigated heritability of ERPs elicited in a Go/No-Go task in a large sample of adolescent twins assessed longitudinally at ages 12, 14, and 16. Genetic analyses showed significant heritability of inhibition-related frontal N2 and P3 components at all three ages, with 50 to 60% of inter-individual variability being attributable to genetic factors. These genetic influences included both common genetic factors active at different ages and novel genetic influences emerging during development. Finally, individual differences in the rate of developmental changes from age 12 to age 16 were significantly influenced by genetic factors. In conclusion, the present study provides the first evidence for genetic influences on neural correlates of response inhibition during adolescence and suggests that ERPs elicited in the Go/No-Go task can serve as intermediate neurophysiological phenotypes (endophenotypes) for the study of disinhibition and impulse control disorders.
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Mapeo Encefálico , Encéfalo/fisiología , Potenciales Evocados/genética , Inhibición Psicológica , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/genética , Gemelos/genética , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Niño , Ambiente , Femenino , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Individualidad , Funciones de Verosimilitud , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Oxígeno/sangre , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
Heart rate variability (HRV) is the variation of cardiac inter-beat intervals over time resulting largely from the interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Individual differences in HRV are associated with emotion regulation, personality, psychopathology, cardiovascular health, and mortality. Previous studies have shown significant heritability of HRV measures. Here we extend genetic research on HRV by investigating sex differences in genetic underpinnings of HRV, the degree of genetic overlap among different measurement domains of HRV, and phenotypic and genetic relationships between HRV and the resting heart rate (HR). We performed electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings in a large population-representative sample of young adult twins (n=1060 individuals) and computed HRV measures from three domains: time, frequency, and nonlinear dynamics. Genetic and environmental influences on HRV measures were estimated using linear structural equation modeling of twin data. The results showed that variability of HRV and HR measures can be accounted for by additive genetic and non-shared environmental influences (AE model), with no evidence for significant shared environmental effects. Heritability estimates ranged from 47 to 64%, with little difference across HRV measurement domains. Genetic influences did not differ between genders for most variables except the square root of the mean squared differences between successive R-R intervals (RMSSD, higher heritability in males) and the ratio of low to high frequency power (LF/HF, distinct genetic factors operating in males and females). The results indicate high phenotypic and especially genetic correlations between HRV measures from different domains, suggesting that >90% of genetic influences are shared across measures. Finally, about 40% of genetic variance in HRV was shared with HR. In conclusion, both HR and HRV measures are highly heritable traits in the general population of young adults, with high degree of genetic overlap across different measurement domains.
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Frecuencia Cardíaca/genética , Electrocardiografía , Electroencefalografía , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estadística como Asunto , Factores de Tiempo , Gemelos Dicigóticos , Gemelos MonocigóticosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We examined the associations of religious attendance during childhood (C-RA) and adulthood (A-RA) with alcohol involvement (ever drinking, timing of first alcohol use, and alcohol use disorder [AUD]) in White and Black female twins. As genetic and environmental factors influence religious attendance and alcohol involvement, we examined the extent to which they contribute to their association. METHODS: Data on 3,234 White and 553 Black female twins (18-29 years) from the Missouri Adolescent Female twin Study. Significant correlations between C-RA or A-RA and alcohol involvement were parsed into their additive genetic, shared environmental, and individual-specific environmental sources. RESULTS: C-RA was associated with ever drinking and timing of first alcohol use in Whites. A-RA was associated with ever drinking and AUD in both Whites and Blacks. Shared environmental influences did not contribute to alcohol or religiosity phenotypes in Blacks. In Whites, the association between C-RA and alcohol was due to shared environmental influences, whereas the association between A-RA and alcohol was attributable to additive genetic, shared environmental, and individual-specific environmental sources. Individual-specific environment and genetics contributed to associations between A-RA and ever drinking and AUD, respectively, in Blacks. CONCLUSIONS: Factors other than C-RA contribute to lower rates of alcohol involvement in Blacks. Shared environment does not contribute to links between A-RA and alcohol involvement in Blacks. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: The protective impact of childhood religiosity on alcohol use and misuse is important in Whites and is due to familial factors shared by religiosity and alcohol involvement. (Am J Addict 2017;26:437-445).
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/psicología , Alcoholismo/psicología , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Religión , Gemelos/psicología , Población Blanca/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/genética , Alcoholismo/genética , Ambiente , Femenino , Humanos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Cannabis use, particularly at an early age, has been linked to suicidal thoughts and behavior, but minimal work has examined the association between cannabis use and lifetime nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The current study aims to characterize the overlap between lifetime and early cannabis use and NSSI and to examine genetic and environmental mechanisms of this association. METHOD: Adult male and female twins from the Australian Twin Registry (N = 9,583) were used to examine the odds of NSSI associated with lifetime cannabis use and early cannabis use (i.e., <17 years of age). These associations were also examined within monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for cannabis use and MZ twins discordant for early cannabis use. Analyses were replicated in an independent sample of female twins (n = 3,787) accounting for the age at onset of cannabis use and NSSI. RESULTS: Lifetime cannabis use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.84, 95% CI [2.23, 3.61]) and early cannabis use were associated with increased odds of NSSI (OR = 2.15, 95% CI [1.75, 2.65]), and this association remained when accounting for covariates. The association was only significant, however, in MZ twin pairs discordant for early cannabis use (OR = 3.20, 95% CI [1.17, 8.73]). Replication analyses accounting for the temporal ordering of cannabis use and NSSI yielded similar findings of nominal significance. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that NSSI is associated with cannabis involvement via differing mechanisms. For lifetime cannabis use, the lack of association in discordant pairs suggests the role of shared genes and family environment. However, in addition to such shared familial influences, person-specific and putatively causal factors contribute to the relationship between early cannabis use and NSSI. Therefore, delaying the onset of cannabis use may reduce exposure to influences that exacerbate vulnerabilities to NSSI.
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Fumar Marihuana , Conducta Autodestructiva/epidemiología , Gemelos , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Australia/epidemiología , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Missouri/epidemiología , Oportunidad Relativa , Sistema de Registros , Ideación SuicidaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to (i) characterize racial differences in alcohol involvement and (ii) examine the risk conferred by specific trauma exposures and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for different stages of alcohol involvement in European American (EA) and African American (AA) women. METHODS: Data are from the Missouri Adolescent Female Twins Study (N = 3,787, 14.6% AA; mean age at most recent interview = 24.5 [SD 2.8]). Trauma exposures (e.g., sexual abuse [SA], physical abuse [PA], witnessing another person being killed or injured, experiencing an accident, and experiencing a disaster) were modeled as time-varying predictors of alcohol initiation, transition to first alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptom, and transition to AUD diagnosis using Cox proportional hazards regression while taking into account other substance involvement, parental characteristics, and commonly co-occurring psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: In EA women only, SA was associated with alcohol initiation prior to the age of 14, PA predicted transition from initiation to first AUD symptom, and PA, witnessing injury or death, and SA predicted transition to AUD diagnosis. No association was discovered between trauma exposures or PTSD for any stage of alcohol involvement in AA women. CONCLUSIONS: Results reveal trauma experiences as important contributors to all stages of alcohol involvement in EA women only, with different trauma types conferring risk for each stage of alcohol involvement. PTSD was not revealed as a significant predictor of AUD in EA or AA women, suggesting trauma, independent of PTSD, directly contributes to alcohol involvement. Findings highlight the importance of considering racial differences when developing etiologic models of the association of traumatic experiences with alcohol involvement.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/etiología , Trauma Psicológico/complicaciones , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/complicaciones , Adolescente , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/etnología , Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Missouri/epidemiología , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Población Blanca/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Differences between African Americans (AAs) and European Americans (EAs) in the prevalence and age at onset of alcohol use and alcohol use disorder (AUD) have been documented, but distinctions in the timing of early stage transitions and contribution of various psychiatric and psychosocial risk factors to the progression from initiation to AUD have yet to be investigated. The current study characterized progression from alcohol use initiation-defined alternatively as first drink, first intoxication, and regular drinking onset-to AUD in AA and EA youth. METHODS: Psychiatric interviews were administered via telephone to 1,461 participants (56% AA, 44% EA) in a high-risk family study (50.3% female, mean age = 17.6 [SD = 3.8]). Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted separately for the AA and EA subsamples to predict DSM-5 AUD as a function of age at alcohol use initiation, with age at first drink, age at first intoxication, and age at regular drinking onset as the point of origin in separate models. RESULTS: Across race/ethnicity, regardless of how it was measured, early alcohol use initiation predicted AUD, but hazard ratios (HRs) were lowest for first drink. Regular smoking and social anxiety disorder were significant predictors in both racial/ethnic groups, but associations with conduct disorder (all 3 models: HR range = 2.07 to 4.15) and major depressive disorder (regular drinking: HR = 4.51, confidence interval [CI]: 1.60 to 12.69 for AUD onset ≥ age 20) were specific to AAs. Posttraumatic stress disorder (HR = 5.38, CI: 1.44 to 20.08) and generalized anxiety disorder (HR = 7.35, CI: 2.31 to 23.34 for AUD onset ≤ age 17) were strongly associated with progression from regular drinking to AUD exclusively in EAs. CONCLUSIONS: Early alcohol use initiation is a marker of risk for AUD in both AA and EA youth, but the contributions of various psychiatric risk factors to the development of AUD are not universal across racial/ethnic groups.
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Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Intoxicación Alcohólica/epidemiología , Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Alcoholismo/psicología , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Consumo de Alcohol en Menores/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Blanca/psicología , Adolescente , Edad de Inicio , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The goal of the current study was to examine whether the magnitude of the association between childhood physical abuse (CPA) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) varies by type of CPA assessment and race of the respondents. Data are from the Missouri adolescent female twins study and the Missouri family study (N = 4508) where 21.2% identified as African American (AA) and 78.8% as European American (EA); mean age = 23.8. Data were collected using a structured comprehensive interview which assessed CPA experiences using behavioral questions about specific abusive behaviors and trauma checklist items. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for additional risk factors associated with AUD, including co-occurring psychiatric disorders (defined as time-varying) and parental alcohol misuse. Overall, CPA reporting patterns were highly correlated (tetrachoric ρ = 0.73); although, only 25.8% of women who endorsed behaviorally defined CPA also endorsed checklist items whereas 72.2% of women who endorsed checklist items also endorsed behavioral questions. Racial disparities were evident, with behaviorally defined CPA increasing the hazard for AUD in EA but not AA women. Additional racial disparities in the risk for AUD were observed: increased hazard for AUD were associated with major depressive disorder in AA, and cannabis dependence and paternal alcohol problems in EA, women. Results demonstrate the relevance of the type of CPA measure in assessing CPA in studies of alcohol-related problems-behavioral items may be more inclusive of CPA exposure and more predictive of AUD- and highlight racial distinctions of AUD etiology in women. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/epidemiología , Abuso de Marihuana/epidemiología , Autoinforme , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/psicología , Alcoholismo/psicología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Abuso de Marihuana/psicología , Missouri/epidemiología , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Factores de Riesgo , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Gemelos/psicología , Gemelos/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Blanca/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Substance use has been implicated in the onset and maintenance of risky sexual behaviors, which have particularly devastating consequences in young women. This study examined whether (i) adolescent onset of cannabis use is associated with repeated voluntary unprotected sex in women and (ii) whether this association persists after accounting for correlated familial influences. DESIGN: General population sample of female twins. SETTING: Midwestern United States. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2784 sexually active twin women (15.5% African American) aged 18-27 years (assessed 2002-05), including 119 dizygotic (DZ) and 115 monozygotic (MZ) discordant pairs. MEASUREMENTS: Self-report interview data on cannabis use that first occurred prior to age 17 (27.1%) and repeated voluntary unprotected sex (27.2%). Key covariates included early onset of regular drinking, regular smoking, sexual debut and menstruation as well as conduct disorder symptoms and childhood sexual abuse. FINDINGS: Compared with never users and those who started using cannabis at a later age, adolescent cannabis users were more likely to report repeated voluntary unprotected sex [odds ratio (OR) = 2.69; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.24-3.22]. Genetic (rg = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.38-0.87) and non-shared environmental (re = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.02-0.38) factors contributed to the association. After accounting for correlated familial factors, there was a consistent elevation in the likelihood of repeated voluntary unprotected sex in the exposed twin relative to her genetically identical never/late-onset user co-twin (unadjusted OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.14-4.44), even after adjustment for covariates (adjusted OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.08-4.80). CONCLUSIONS: Women who start using cannabis during adolescence appear to be more likely to report voluntary engagement in repeated unprotected sex than women who never use cannabis or who initiate cannabis use after adolescence. The results appear to be independent of shared genetic influences.
Asunto(s)
Uso de la Marihuana/psicología , Sexo Inseguro/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Edad de Inicio , Coito/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Uso de la Marihuana/epidemiología , Missouri/epidemiología , Gemelos Dicigóticos/psicología , Gemelos Dicigóticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Gemelos Monocigóticos/psicología , Gemelos Monocigóticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Sexo Inseguro/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study was to determine whether the higher rates of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) but lower rates of cigarette smoking in African-American vs. European-American women can be explained in part by a lower magnitude of association between CSA and smoking in African-American women. METHODS: Data were drawn from a same-sex female twin study of substance use (n=3521; 14.3% African-American). Cox proportional hazards regression analyses using CSA to predict smoking initiation and progression to regular smoking were conducted separately by race/ethnicity. Co-twin status on the smoking outcome was used to adjust for familial influences on smoking (which may overlap with family-level influences on CSA exposure). RESULTS: After adjusting for co-twin status, CSA was associated with smoking initiation in European Americans (hazard ratio (HR)=1.43, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.26-1.62) and with smoking initiation ≤16 in African Americans (HR=1.70, CI: 1.26-2.29). CSA was associated with regular smoking onset ≤15 in European Americans (HR=1.63, CI: 1.21-2.18), with no change in HR after adjusting for co-twin status. In the African-American subsample, the HR for CSA was reduced to non-significance after adjusting for co-twin status (from HR=3.30, CI: 1.23-8.89 to HR=1.16, CI: 0.71-1.92 for regular smoking ≤15). CONCLUSIONS: CSA is associated with moderate elevation in risk for initiating smoking among African-American and European-American women. By contrast, CSA is associated with elevated risk for (adolescent onset) regular smoking only in European-American women. Furthermore, there is significant overlap between risk conferred by CSA and familial influences on regular smoking in African-American but not European-American women.
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Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Abuso Sexual Infantil/estadística & datos numéricos , Fumar Cigarrillos/epidemiología , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Niño , Abuso Sexual Infantil/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Missouri/epidemiología , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Factores de Riesgo , Gemelos/psicología , Gemelos/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Blanca/psicologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Use of cigarettes and cannabis frequently co-occurs. We examine the role of genetic and environmental influences on variation in and covariation between tobacco cigarette and cannabis use across European-American (EA) and African-American (AA) women. METHODS: Data on lifetime cannabis and cigarette use were drawn from interviews of 956 AA and 3557 EA young adult female twins and non-twin same sex female full siblings. Twin modeling was used to decompose variance in and covariance between cigarette and cannabis use into additive genetic, shared, special twin and non-shared environmental sources. RESULTS: Cigarette use was more common in EAs (75.3%, 95% C.I. 73.8-76.7%) than AAs (64.2%, 95% C.I. 61.2-67.2%) while cannabis use was marginally more commonly reported by AAs (55.5%, 95% C.I. 52.5-58.8%) than EAs (52.4%, 95% C.I. 50.7-54.0%). Additive genetic factors were responsible for 43-66% of the variance in cigarette and cannabis use. Broad shared environmental factors (shared+special twin) played a more significant role in EA (23-29%) than AA (2-15%) women. In AA women, the influence of non-shared environment was more pronounced (42-45% vs. 11-19% in EA women). There was strong evidence for the same familial influences underlying use of both substances (rA=0.82-0.89; rC+T=0.70-0.75). Non-shared environmental factors were also correlated but less so (rE=0.48-0.66). No racial/ethnic differences were apparent in these sources of covariation. CONCLUSION: Heritability of cigarette and cannabis use is comparable across racial/ethnic groups. Differences in the contribution of shared and non-shared environmental influences indicate that different factors may shape substance use in EA and AA women.
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Negro o Afroamericano/genética , Fumar Marihuana/genética , Hermanos , Fumar/genética , Gemelos/genética , Población Blanca/genética , Adolescente , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Cannabis , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Fumar Marihuana/psicología , Hermanos/psicología , Fumar/psicología , Nicotiana , Tabaquismo/genética , Tabaquismo/psicología , Gemelos/psicología , Población Blanca/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 28(1) of Psychological Assessment (see record 2015-54029-001). The FFI-BPD values for Sample 3 in Table 2 should read 1.42 (0.44), 0.83.] The aim of the current study was to examine the reliability and validity of a trait-based assessment of borderline personality disorder (BPD) using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Correlations between the Five-Factor Inventory-BPD composite (FFI-BPD) and explicit measures of BPD were examined across 6 samples, including undergraduate, community, and clinical samples. The median correlation was .60, which was nearly identical to the correlation between measures of BPD and a BPD composite generated from the full Revised NEO Personality Inventory (i.e., NEO-BPD; r = .61). Correlations between FFI-BPD and relevant measures of psychiatric symptomatology and etiology (e.g., childhood abuse, drug use, depression, and personality disorders) were also examined and compared to those generated using explicit measures of BPD and NEO-BPD. As expected, the FFI-BPD composite correlated most strongly with measures associated with high levels of Neuroticism, such as depression, anxiety, and emotion dysregulation, and the pattern of correlations generated using the FFI-BPD was highly similar to those generated using explicit measures of BPD and NEO-BPD. Finally, genetic analyses estimated that FFI-BPD is 44% heritable, which is comparable to meta-analytic research examining genetics associated with BPD, and revealed that 71% of the genetic influences are shared between FFI-BPD and a self-report measure assessing BPD (Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline subscale; Morey, 1991). Generally, these results support the use of FFI-BPD as a reasonable proxy for BPD, which has considerable implications, particularly for potential gene-finding efforts in large, epidemiological datasets that include the NEO FFI.
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Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/diagnóstico , Inventario de Personalidad , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Adulto , Anciano , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/genética , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/psicología , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenotipo , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
To investigate familial influences on the full range of variability in attention and activity across adolescence, we collected maternal ratings of 339 twin pairs at ages 12, 14, and 16, and estimated the transmitted and new familial influences on attention and activity as measured by the Strengths and Weaknesses of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale. Familial influences were substantial for both traits across adolescence: genetic influences accounted for 54%-73% (attention) and 31%-73% (activity) of the total variance, and shared environmental influences accounted for 0%-22% of the attention variance and 13%-57% of the activity variance. The longitudinal stability of individual differences in attention and activity was largely accounted for by familial influences transmitted from previous ages. Innovations over adolescence were also partially attributable to familial influences. Studying the full range of variability in attention and activity may facilitate our understanding of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder's etiology and intervention.
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Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/psicología , Atención/fisiología , Enfermedades en Gemelos/psicología , Familia/psicología , Medio Social , Gemelos/psicología , Adolescente , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/genética , Enfermedades en Gemelos/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Individualidad , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Fenotipo , Gemelos/genéticaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Research indicates that low parental monitoring increases the risk for early substance use. Because low parental monitoring tends to co-occur with other familial and neighborhood factors, the specificity of the association is challenging to establish. Using logistic regression and propensity score analyses, we examined associations between low parental monitoring and early substance use in European American (EA) and African American (AA) girls, controlling for risk factors associated with low parental monitoring. METHOD: Participants were 3,133 EA and 523 AA girls from the Missouri Adolescent Female Twin Study with data on parental monitoring assessed via self-report questionnaire, and with ages at first use of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis queried in at least one of three diagnostic interviews (median ages = 15, 22, and 24 years). RESULTS: The rate of early alcohol use was greater in EA than AA girls, whereas the proportion of AA girls reporting low parental monitoring was higher than in EA girls. EA girls who experienced low parental monitoring were at elevated risk for early alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use, findings supported in both logistic regression and propensity score analyses. Evidence regarding associations between low parental monitoring and risk for early substance use was less definitive for AA girls. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the role of parental monitoring in modifying risk for early substance use in EA girls. However, we know little regarding the unique effects, if any, of low parental monitoring on the timing of first substance use in AA girls.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Adolescente , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Missouri , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Self-harm has considerable societal and economic costs and has been extensively studied in relation to alcohol involvement. Although early onset alcohol use (EAU) has been causally linked to maladaptive clinical outcomes, its association with self-harm is less well characterized. This study aimed to further examine the link between EAU and both nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempt (SA), and elucidate shared familial and causal/individual-specific pathways that explain this co-occurrence. METHODS: Using data from 6,082 Australian same-sex twin pairs (1,732 monozygotic [MZ] and 1,309 dizygotic [DZ]), ages 23 to 40, we examined prevalence rates of NSSI and SA among twin pairs concordant and discordant for EAU. Conditional logistic regression, controlling for early clinical covariates and the influence of zygosity on EAU, was used to examine the odds ratio (OR) of self-harm within twin pairs discordant for EAU. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of both NSSI and SA were highest among twin pairs concordant for EAU and for twins who reported EAU within discordant twin pairs. Results from discordant twin analyses revealed nearly 4-fold increased odds of SA for the twin who endorsed EAU, and this OR was equal across MZ and DZ twins. EAU also was associated with elevated odds of NSSI (OR = 7.62), although this was only the case for DZ twins in discordant pairs. CONCLUSIONS: The equivalent increase in odds of SA for both MZ and DZ twins suggests that causal or individual-specific influences explain the link between EAU and SA. For NSSI, elevated odds for DZ twins and nonsignificant findings for MZ twins implicate correlated genetic factors in the association between EAU and NSSI. Future studies should test mechanisms through which EAU may causally influence SA, as well as examine whether genetic risk for third variables (e.g., negative urgency, stress reactivity) may explain the genetic overlap between EAU and NSSI.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Asunción de Riesgos , Conducta Autodestructiva/epidemiología , Gemelos Dicigóticos , Gemelos Monocigóticos , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/genética , Australia/epidemiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Conducta Autodestructiva/genética , Gemelos Dicigóticos/genética , Gemelos Monocigóticos/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Distinctions in the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to initiation of cigarette smoking may explain, in part, the differences between African Americans and European Americans in the prevalence of smoking. The current investigation is the first to compare heritable and environmental influences on smoking initiation between African-American and European-American women. METHODS: Data were drawn from Missouri Adolescent Female Twin Study participants and female Missouri Family Study participants (n=4498; 21% African-American, the remainder European-American). Mean ages at first and last assessments were 17.0 (SD=3.5) and 24.0 (SD=3.2), respectively. Twin-sibling modeling was conducted to estimate the proportion of variance in smoking initiation (i.e., ever trying a cigarette) attributable to additive genetic, shared environmental, special twin environmental, and unique environmental factors. RESULTS: Additive genetic influences accounted for approximately half of the variance in smoking initiation in both African-American and European-American women. In the African-American subsample, the remaining variance was attributable primarily to unique environmental factors (46%; 95% CI: 28-71%). In the European-American subsample, only 12% (95% CI: 8-16%) of the variance was attributable to unique environmental factors, with the remainder accounted for by shared environmental (13%; 95% CI: 0-41%) and special twin environmental (24%; 95% CI: 0-52%) factors. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated heritability of smoking initiation is substantial and nearly identical for African-American and European-American women, but the type of environmental factors that contribute to risk differ by race/ethnicity. Whereas the primary environmental influences on European-American women's smoking initiation are at the family level, those that impact African-American women's smoking initiation are primarily individual-specific.