RESUMEN
The rod-and-frame illusion was used to examine a proposed distinction between the mechanism responsible for frame effects on rod-adjustment errors with large displays and the mechanism responsible for errors with small displays. It was suggested that visual-vestibular mechanisms are involved only when the rod is surrounded by a large tilted frame. Errors in the perceived vertical with small frame would instead be due to purely visual mechanisms. To examine this dual process model, we compared errors at small and large frame when the body was vertical or horizontal. There is evidence to suggest that tilting the body affects visual-vestibular interactions, but there is no reason to expect that body tilt would affect intravisual interactions. Hence, we hypothesized that body tilt would increase errors for large frame, but not for small frame. Eight subjects were tested in four different conditions, corresponding to the combination of two body orientations (vertical versus horizontal) and two frame sizes (47.5 versus 10.5 deg of visual angle). Fourier analysis of data was performed. Repeated measures ANOVA tested the hypothesis about frame size and body orientation. The hypothesis was not confirmed. More specifically, we found that tilting the body increased errors for the small frame as well as for the large frame. The interaction between frame size and body orientation was not significant. Results are discussed in relation to the proposed dual-process model.
Asunto(s)
Ilusiones Ópticas , Orientación , Reconocimiento Visual de Modelos , Percepción del Tamaño , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Cinestesia , Masculino , Postura , PsicofísicaAsunto(s)
Área de Dependencia-Independencia , Ilusiones/fisiología , Ilusiones Ópticas/fisiología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Postura , PsicofísicaRESUMEN
Some important questions about discrepancies between observer-perceived and investigator-defined direction of frame tilt are raised by Fine in his recent note on procedures used in the rod-and-frame test of field dependence. The practical and conceptual implications of these discrepancies are discussed in the present article in the context of Witkin's field-dependence theory and of recent findings on the nature of the rod-and-frame illusion.
Asunto(s)
Área de Dependencia-Independencia , Orientación , Percepción de Forma , Humanos , Pruebas PsicológicasAsunto(s)
Percepción de Forma , Orientación , Movimientos Oculares , Humanos , Cinestesia , MasculinoRESUMEN
The existence of an illusion of self-tilt in the rod-and-frame test was demonstrated using a magnitude-estimation procedure. Subjects, seated in a tiltable chair, estimated their body tilt after being placed in one of 13 body tilt positions and while viewing a rod-and-frame display. A shift of the apparent body position occurred in the opposite direction of frame tilt. The results are consistent with earlier findings using the method of body and head adjustment.
Asunto(s)
Área de Dependencia-Independencia , Orientación , Postura , Pruebas Psicológicas , Femenino , HumanosRESUMEN
The purposes of this report are to describe a design for the study of X linkage, to illustrate its application using cognitive test scores, and to offer a linkage hypothesis suggested by these data. Sixty-seven three-son families were examined for two X chromosome marker variables--red-green color vision and Xg(a) blood groups--and given a battery of cognitive tests of field dependence and spatial visualization abilities. Evidence was found to suggest that brothers who are identical in Xg(a) phenotype are more similar to each other in extent of field dependence than brothers who are different in Xg(a) phenotype. This result is tentative because of the small number of informative cases and the many linkage associations examined. If cross-validated, such a finding would be consistent with the proposition that an X chromosome gene contributes to the field dependence cognitive style.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos , Cognición , Defectos de la Visión Cromática , Ligamiento Genético , Cromosomas Sexuales , Percepción Visual , Cromosoma X , Femenino , Genes , Humanos , Masculino , Matemática , Modelos BiológicosAsunto(s)
Área de Dependencia-Independencia , Personalidad , Conducta Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Atención , Niño , Preescolar , Cognición , Señales (Psicología) , Dependencia Psicológica , Emociones , Femenino , Hostilidad , Humanos , Individualidad , Relaciones Interpersonales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Espacio Personal , Factores Sexuales , Deseabilidad Social , Medio Social , Aislamiento SocialAsunto(s)
Selección de Profesión , Cognición , Toma de Decisiones , Área de Dependencia-Independencia , Personalidad , Logro , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , MasculinoRESUMEN
A two-stage model is presented to account for the difficulties found in sleep learning and dream recall. The model assumes that information processing in a short-term memory store facilitates subsequent retrieval from long-term storage and that such processing is impaired during sleep. As a result, it is suggested that information confronting the sleeping person very likely can only be retrieved if an awakening occurs during the life of the short-term memory trace. However, it is proposed that material occurring during or shortly after awakening, competes with information occurring during sleep for space in the limited capacity processing system, with the most important being favored for processing. Interference and repression are included as additional factors affecting retrieval from longterm storage.
Asunto(s)
Sueños , Memoria a Corto Plazo , Memoria , Modelos Psicológicos , Conciencia , Humanos , Aprendizaje , Recuerdo Mental , Sueño , Transferencia de Experiencia en PsicologíaAsunto(s)
Psicología Criminal , Aberraciones Cromosómicas Sexuales , Agresión , Estatura , Dinamarca , Humanos , Inteligencia , Síndrome de Klinefelter , Masculino , Conducta Social , Medio SocialAsunto(s)
Área de Dependencia-Independencia , Individualidad , Aprendizaje , Memoria , Aprendizaje por Asociación , Señales (Psicología) , Sueños , Generalización del Estimulo , Humanos , Recuerdo Mental , Motivación , Castigo , Represión Psicológica , Recompensa , Conducta Social , Estrés Psicológico , Transferencia de Experiencia en PsicologíaRESUMEN
Previous studies have shown that persons matched in level of differentiation are likely to develop greater interpersonal attraction in the course of an interaction than are mismatched persons. These studies were all conducted in situations where the interacting persons were working toward a common goal. To test the hypothesis that situational variables may moderate match-mismatch effects, the present study investigated these affects when the interacting persons were in conflict. Based on their performance in tests of field dependence-independence, subjects were selected as relatively high or relatively low in level of differentiation. Three kinds of dyads were composed-high-differentiation/high-differentiation, low-differentiation/low-differentiation, and high-differentiation/low-differentiation--and their task was to reconcile conflict on an issue about which they were known to disagree. It was predicted that because of the more accommodating quality of low-differentiation persons, dyads including one or two such subjects would more often reconcile their disagreements and show greater interpersonal attraction than would dyads consisting of two high-differentiation subjects. Both predictions were confirmed, supporting the hypothesis that the outcome of match or mismatch is mediated by situational variables.