RESUMEN
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of benzocaine and tricaine methanesulfonate on oxidative stress parameters of juvenile tambaqui tissues. Fish (n=80) were anesthetized with benzocaine (100 mg L-1) or tricaine (240 mg L-1) and two control groups were used (non-anesthetized fish and fish exposed to ethanol-only). After anesthetic induction 10 fish/anesthetic were euthanized after 3, 12 and 24 hours post-anesthesia and tissue samplings (gills, liver and brain) were performed. Samples were submitted to analyses of enzyme activity glutathione-S-transferase (GST), cellular lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and total antioxidant capacity (ACAP). ACAP increased in gills of benzocaine treatment after 12 hours. The liver showed a reduction in ACAP of tricaine treatment after 12 hours. Both anesthetic treatments showed an increase of ACAP at 24 hours compared to control group. The activity of the GST enzyme increased in the gills for treatments benzocaine and tricaine after 3 and 12 hours. Liver showed increased GST activity (benzocaine after 24 hours and tricaine after 3 and 24 hours). Lipid damage decreased in gills (both anesthetics) and brain (tricaine) after 24 hours. The results demonstrate that benzocaine and tricaine did not cause oxidative damage in juvenile tambaqui under the experimental conditions herein established.
Asunto(s)
Aminobenzoatos/farmacología , Anestésicos/farmacología , Benzocaína/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Anestésicos/administración & dosificación , Animales , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Peces , Branquias/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
This study investigated the anesthetic potential of the essential oil (EO) of Aloysia polystachya in juveniles of dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus). Fish were exposed to different concentrations of EO of A. polystachya to evaluate time of induction and recovery from anesthesia. In the second experiment, fish were divided into four groups: control, ethanol and 50 or 300 µL L-1 EO of A. polystachya, and each group was submitted to induction for 3.5 min and recovery for 5 or 10 min. The blood gases and glucose levels showed alterations as a function of the recovery times, but Na+ and K+ levels did not show any alteration. In conclusion, the EO from leaves of A. polystachya is an effective anesthetic for dusky grouper, because anesthesia was reached within the recommended time at EO concentrations of 300 and 400 µL L-1. However, most evaluated blood parameters showed compensatory responses due to EO exposure.
Asunto(s)
Anestésicos/farmacología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Bagres/sangre , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Verbenaceae/química , Animales , Bicarbonatos/sangre , Gases/sangre , Glucosa/análisis , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinas/análisis , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Metales Alcalinos/sangre , Hojas de la Planta/químicaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT This study investigated the anesthetic potential of the essential oil (EO) of Aloysia polystachya in juveniles of dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus). Fish were exposed to different concentrations of EO of A. polystachya to evaluate time of induction and recovery from anesthesia. In the second experiment, fish were divided into four groups: control, ethanol and 50 or 300 µL L−1 EO of A. polystachya, and each group was submitted to induction for 3.5 min and recovery for 5 or 10 min. The blood gases and glucose levels showed alterations as a function of the recovery times, but Na+ and K+ levels did not show any alteration. In conclusion, the EO from leaves of A. polystachya is an effective anesthetic for dusky grouper, because anesthesia was reached within the recommended time at EO concentrations of 300 and 400 µL L−1. However, most evaluated blood parameters showed compensatory responses due to EO exposure.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bagres/sangre , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Verbenaceae/química , Anestésicos/farmacología , Bicarbonatos/sangre , Hemoglobinas/análisis , Hojas de la Planta/química , Gases/sangre , Glucosa/análisis , Hematócrito , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Metales Alcalinos/sangreRESUMEN
ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of benzocaine and tricaine methanesulfonate on oxidative stress parameters of juvenile tambaqui tissues. Fish (n=80) were anesthetized with benzocaine (100 mg L-1) or tricaine (240 mg L-1) and two control groups were used (non-anesthetized fish and fish exposed to ethanol-only). After anesthetic induction 10 fish/anesthetic were euthanized after 3, 12 and 24 hours post-anesthesia and tissue samplings (gills, liver and brain) were performed. Samples were submitted to analyses of enzyme activity glutathione-S-transferase (GST), cellular lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and total antioxidant capacity (ACAP). ACAP increased in gills of benzocaine treatment after 12 hours. The liver showed a reduction in ACAP of tricaine treatment after 12 hours. Both anesthetic treatments showed an increase of ACAP at 24 hours compared to control group. The activity of the GST enzyme increased in the gills for treatments benzocaine and tricaine after 3 and 12 hours. Liver showed increased GST activity (benzocaine after 24 hours and tricaine after 3 and 24 hours). Lipid damage decreased in gills (both anesthetics) and brain (tricaine) after 24 hours. The results demonstrate that benzocaine and tricaine did not cause oxidative damage in juvenile tambaqui under the experimental conditions herein established.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Benzocaína/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Aminobenzoatos/farmacología , Anestésicos/farmacología , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Peces , Branquias/efectos de los fármacos , Anestésicos/administración & dosificación , Hígado/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
This study aimed to evaluate oxidative stress parameters in juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) exposed to 3.88 mg l(-1) Mn(2+) for 96 hours. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, as well as content of reduced glutathione (GSH), were analyzed in gill, liver, brain, and kidney. The presence of Mn(2+) in the water corresponded to increased levels of Mn(2+) accumulation according to the following sequence: gill > kidney > brain > liver. There was a significant increase in TBARS levels (40 %) and SOD activity (80 %) in addition to a significant decrease in GSH content (41 %) in gills of fish exposed to waterborne Mn(2+). In hepatic tissue of the exposed animals, TBARS levels decreased significantly (35 %), whereas SOD (82 %) and GST activities (51 %) as well as GSH content (43 %) increased significantly. In brain of exposed juvenile fish, only significant decreases in SOD (32 %) and CAT activities (65 %) were observed. Moreover, the kidney of exposed fish showed a significant increase in TBARS levels (53 %) and a significant decrease in SOD activity (41 %) compared with the control. Thus, the changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress were different in the tissues, showing a specific toxicity of this metal to each organ.
Asunto(s)
Characiformes/fisiología , Cloruros/toxicidad , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Branquias/efectos de los fármacos , Branquias/metabolismo , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/metabolismo , Estadios del Ciclo de Vida/efectos de los fármacos , Estadios del Ciclo de Vida/fisiología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Compuestos de Manganeso , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Pruebas de ToxicidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The ammonia and oxygen levels of water are physicochemical parameters that affect fish physiology. Thus, we hypothesized that in vivo exposure to stressful ammonia and oxygen levels will affect the post-mortem quality of the fish. Therefore, in this study, the effects of in vivo exposure to stressful ammonia and oxygen levels on the composition and content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in fillets from dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) and on the lipid oxidation of these fillets during frozen storage were evaluated. RESULTS: Short-term exposure (12 h) to stressful environmental conditions (low oxygen and high ammonia levels) did not change the composition of the flesh. However, longer exposure (15 days) to these stressful conditions caused significant changes in the composition of the flesh. Exposure to a stressful ammonia level before slaughtering increased the susceptibility of the fish fillets to lipid oxidation during frozen storage. In contrast, exposure to low oxygen levels did not increase the lipid oxidation rate of the fillets. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the in vivo exposure to high ammonia levels may reduce the quality and stability of dourado fillets.
Asunto(s)
Amoníaco/farmacología , Peces/metabolismo , Almacenamiento de Alimentos/métodos , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Oxígeno/metabolismo , Alimentos Marinos/análisis , Estrés Fisiológico , Animales , Dieta , Congelación , Humanos , Hipoxia , Refrigeración , Alimentos Marinos/normas , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido TiobarbitúricoRESUMEN
Formation water (produce water or oil field brine) from oil and gas production usually has high concentrations of soluble salts and metals. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of formation water from Urucu Reserve, Amazon, on whole-body uptake and internal distribution of newly accumulated Na+ in juvenile tamoatá, Hoplosternum litoralle. Groups of fish were submitted to nine treatments for 3 h in 400-ml chambers: control (well water), 5% formation water, and well water with respective concentrations of 5% formation water of Ca2+, Fe, Mn, Ba2+, Fe+Ca2+, Mn+Ca2+, and Ba+Ca2+ added. Specimens of tamoatá exposed to 5% formation water presented a very high Na+ influx, probably due to the high Na+ levels in this water. Waterborne Fe and Mn stimulated Na+ influx, but Fe increased Na+ efflux, causing Na+ loss. Waterborne Mn, on the other hand, decreased Na+ efflux, reducing Na+ loss by this species. Waterborne Ca2+ also affected Na+ influx but had no significant effect on net Na+ fluxes. These results demonstrated that spilling of formation water in ion-poor Amazon rivers would dramatically disrupt osmoregulatory balance of tamoatá and probably other Amazon fish species, impairing their survival and reduce biodiversity.