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Introducción: La necesidad de una asistencia sanitaria segura en la que los cuidados y tratamientos no supongan daños diferentes a los derivados de la enfermedad de base, ha motivado este estudio. Nuestro objetivo ha sido determinar la frecuencia y describir los síndromes neurológicos atribuibles a fármacos, su evitabilidad y los niveles asistenciales implicados. Métodos: Estudio observacional. Cohorte prospectiva de todos los sujetos derivados desde atención primaria y especializada, en el período de diciembre de 2008 a enero de 2010, por síntomas neurológicos atribuibles a fármacos y enfermos neurológicos conocidos con clínica distinta o agravada de la enfermedad de base causada por fármacos. Las notificaciones quedaron reflejadas en un cuestionario. Se realizaron distribuciones de frecuencias, medidas de tendencia central, pruebas de la 2 o Fisher y pruebas no paramétricas correspondientes. Resultados: La prevalencia de efectos adversos neurológicos respecto a la muestra total fue 0,586%. De los 105 pacientes seleccionados, los principales efectos adversos fueron: 25,7% síndrome rígido-acinético; 18,1% discinético; 11,4% síntomas neuropsiquiátricos, y 10,5% síndrome confusional. Los grupos farmacológicos más registrados fueron, en orden decreciente: antiepilépticos, dopaminérgicos, antidepresivos, neurolépticos, antivertiginosos y procinéticos. Describimos la población más susceptible y las asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre la presencia de determinados grupos farmacológicos y síndromes neurológicos concretos.Conclusiones: La baja prevalencia detectada puede deberse al diseño del estudio, aunque los efectos adversos neurológicos suponen el 2,84% de los ingresos en una unidad de neurología.Conocer la epidemiología permitirá identificar los abordajes más seguros, aplicarlos correctamente a la población de mayor riesgo y reducir necesidades asistenciales y recursos médicos (AU)

Introduction: The need for safe health care, in which the care and treatment of the patient does not cause any injuries in addition to those already arising from their baseline disease, hasled to the present study. Our objective has been to determine the frequency and describe the neurological syndromes attributable to drugs, their preventability and the levels of medical care involved. Methods: Observational study. Cohort of subjects referred from Primary and Specialized Care between December 2008 and January 2010 due to neurological symptoms attributable to drugs, and previously known neurology patients who began to have symptoms other than those of the baseline disease, also caused by drugs. The notifications were recorded in a questionnaire. Frequency distributions, central tendency measurements, X2 or Fisher tests and non-parametric tests were performed. Results: The prevalence of adverse neurological events was 0.586% of the total sample. Of the 105 patients selected, the most frequent adverse events were: 25.7%, akinetic-rigid syndrome, 18.1%, dyskinetic syndrome, 11.4% neuro-psychiatric symptoms, and 10.5% confusional syndrome. The most commonly recorded pharmacological groups were, in decreasing order: anti-epileptic, dopaminergic, antidepressant, neuroleptic, antivertiginous and prokinetic drugs. We describe the most susceptible population and the statistically significant relationships between the presence of certain pharmacological groups and neurological syndromes. Conclusions: The low prevalence detected may be due to the study design, although adverse neurological events accounted for 2.84% of the admissions to a Neurology Unit. Understanding the epidemiology should help to identify the safest approaches, apply them correctly to the population at a higher risk, and reduce healthcare needs and consumption of medical resources (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: The need for safe health care, in which the care and treatment of the patient does not cause any injuries in addition to those already arising from their baseline disease, has led to the present study. Our objective has been to determine the frequency and describe the neurological syndromes attributable to drugs, their preventability and the levels of medical care involved. METHODS: Observational study. Cohort of subjects referred from Primary and Specialized Care between December 2008 and January 2010 due to neurological symptoms attributable to drugs, and previously known neurology patients who began to have symptoms other than those of the baseline disease, also caused by drugs. The notifications were recorded in a questionnaire. Frequency distributions, central tendency measurements, X(2) or Fisher tests and non-parametric tests were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of adverse neurological events was 0.586% of the total sample. Of the 105 patients selected, the most frequent adverse events were: 25.7%, akinetic-rigid syndrome, 18.1%, dyskinetic syndrome, 11.4% neuro-psychiatric symptoms, and 10.5% confusional syndrome. The most commonly recorded pharmacological groups were, in decreasing order: anti-epileptic, dopaminergic, antidepressant, neuroleptic, antivertiginous and prokinetic drugs. We describe the most susceptible population and the statistically significant relationships between the presence of certain pharmacological groups and neurological syndromes. CONCLUSIONS: The low prevalence detected may be due to the study design, although adverse neurological events accounted for 2.84% of the admissions to a Neurology Unit. Understanding the epidemiology should help to identify the safest approaches, apply them correctly to the population at a higher risk, and reduce healthcare needs and consumption of medical resources.

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INTRODUCTION: Freezing of gait unresponsive to dopaminergic stimulation in patients with severe Parkinsonism. The freezing of gait episodes (FOG) normally appear during the off period and generally improve with dopaminergic stimulus, at the same time as improving other Parkinsonian symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report a group of 10 patients with severe Parkinson's disease. All patients suffered motor fluctuations, dyskinesias and episodes of FOG during the on and off state. The patients received a subcutaneous apomorphine bolus, without other dopaminergic medication; an effective dose of apomorphine was considered as one that induced a reduction of at least a 60% in the UPDRS motor scale. RESULTS: The baseline motor UPDRS was 61.3 +/- 4.7, which dropped to 21 +/- 4.3 after the apomorphine injection. The mean dose of apomorphine was 5.5 mg (3-7 mg). The bolus of apomorphine improved the parameters of the gait related to bradykinesia and the tapping tests of the limbs, but the episodes of FOG did not vary significantly between the off and on state. CONCLUSIONS: We present a group of 10 patients with freezing of gait episodes that did not improve with treatment and persisted during the on period induced by dopaminergic stimulus with apomorphine.

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Resumen. Introducción. El desarrollo de las técnicas neurorradiológicas ha permitido diagnosticar con mayor frecuencia la trombosis venosa cerebral (TVC) y conocer su gran heterogeneidad clínica. Objetivos. Revisar los casos diagnosticados de TVC en nuestro servicio en el período 1996-2008 y analizar sus características. Pacientes y métodos. Se describen 20 pacientes (14 mujeres y 6 varones), con edades de 22 a 75 años. Resultados. El síntoma más frecuente fue la cefalea, seguida del síndrome de hipertensión intracraneal, alteración de conciencia y déficit focal. Destacan como presentaciones inusuales el accidente isquémico transitorio y la neuropatía óptica progresiva. Las instauraciones subaguda y crónica fueron más frecuentes que la aguda. La etiología fue muy variada: puerperio, hipertiroidismo, enfermedad de Crohn, meningitis, anovulatorios, mutación del factor V de Leiden, mieloma múltiple, colitis ulcerosa, meningioma y anestesia epidural. En ocho casos no se encontró la causa. La resonancia magnética fue diagnóstica en todos. Los pacientes en fase aguda recibieron anticoagulación, y en el resto se optó por ésta o por un tratamiento más conservador según la situación individual. Sólo hubo secuelas leves en seis pacientes. Conclusiones. En nuestra serie, hemos encontrado una gran variedad de etiologías y formas de presentación de TVC. Destacamos la necesidad de sospechar TVC ante una cefalea subaguda también en el paciente ambulatorio. El subgrupo con cefalea aislada o hipertensión intracraneal y presentación no aguda podría tener mejor pronóstico y ser susceptible de terapia menos agresiva (AU)

Summary. Introduction. Current neuro-radiological techniques have led to a more frequent diagnosis of cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT), and revealed its greater clinical heterogeneity. Aim. To analize the characteristics of the cases with the diagnosis of CVT in our unit between 1996 and 2008. Patients and methods.We describe 20 cases of CVT (14 women and 6 men), with ages of 22to 75 years. Results. Headache was the most frequent symptom, followed by intracranial hypertension, disorders of consciousness and focal deficits. Unusual presentations included transitory ischemia and progressive optical neuropathy. Subacute and chronic courses were more frequent than acute. The etiology was diverse including puerperium, contraception, hyperthyroidism, meningitis, Leiden V factor mutation, multiple myeloma, Crohn, ulcerative colitis, meningioma and epidural anesthesia. No cause was found in 8 cases. Magnetic resonance imaging was always diagnostic. Patients were anticoagulated during the acute phase. In subacute or chronic presentations, a more conservative treatment was considered on individual basis. Only 6 patients had mild sequelae. Conclusions. We report a great variety of etiologies and patterns of presentation of CVT. CVT should be suspected in patients with subacute headache, even in outpatients. Nonacute presentation with isolated headache or intracranial hypertension could have better prognosis, requiring a less aggressive therapy (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: Current neuro-radiological techniques have led to a more frequent diagnosis of cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT), and revealed its greater clinical heterogeneity. AIM: To analize the characteristics of the cases with the diagnosis of CVT in our unit between 1996 and 2008. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We describe 20 cases of CVT (14 women and 6 men), with ages of 22 to 75 years. RESULTS: Headache was the most frequent symptom, followed by intracranial hypertension, disorders of consciousness and focal deficits. Unusual presentations included transitory ischemia and progressive optical neuropathy. Subacute and chronic courses were more frequent than acute. The etiology was diverse including puerperium, contraception, hyperthyroidism, meningitis, Leiden V factor mutation, multiple myeloma, Crohn, ulcerative colitis, meningioma and epidural anesthesia. No cause was found in 8 cases. Magnetic resonance imaging was always diagnostic. Patients were anticoagulated during the acute phase. In subacute or chronic presentations, a more conservative treatment was considered on individual basis. Only 6 patients had mild sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: We report a great variety of etiologies and patterns of presentation of CVT. CVT should be suspected in patients with subacute headache, even in outpatients. Nonacute presentation with isolated headache or intracranial hypertension could have better prognosis, requiring a less aggressive therapy.

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INTRODUCTION: Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is one of the main differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In DLB there is 40-70% loss of striatal dopamine and the loss of dopaminergic cell is accompanied by loss of the dopamine transporter. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in DLB can be confirmed in vivo with I-FP-CIT (DaT-SCAN), a pre-synaptic dopamine transporter marker. There are no changes in DaT-scan in AD compared with controls. AIM. The use of DaT-SCAN for the differential diagnosis between AD and DLB. CASE REPORTS: We use the DaT-SCAN to study the nigrostriatal pathway in 6 patients with dementia and moderate parkinsonism. The Mini-Mental Test and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, motor part only (UPDRS), were performed. A SPECT scan was carried out 3 to 4 hours after administration of 185 MBq FP-CIT (ioflupane) a dopaminergic presynaptic ligand. With occipital cortex used as a radioactivity uptake reference, ratios for the caudate nucleus and the anterior and posterior putamen of both hemispheres were calculated. All scans were also rated by a simple visual method. All patients had dementia with moderate fluctuations in cognitive function, parkinsonian syndrome and hallucinations. DaT-SCAN was normal in 2 patients and pathological in 4. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity and specificity of the DLB criteria vary markedly. FP-CIT SPECT may be a new tool in the differential diagnosis between DLB and AD.

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Introducción. La demencia con cuerpos de Lewy (DCL) se incluye en el diagnóstico diferencial de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). En la DCL hay una pérdida de dopamina estriatal de un 40-70%, y esta pérdida de células dopaminérgicas se acompaña de una disminución de la densidad de la proteína transportadora de dopamina. La pérdida de células dopaminérgicas en la DCL puede confirmarse in vivo con I-FP-CIT (DaT-SCAN), un marcador de la proteína transportadora de dopamina presinápticamente. En la EA no hay cambios comparado con controles. Objetivo. Determinar la utilidad del DaT-SCAN para el diagnóstico diferencial entre EA y DCL. Casos clínicos. Se estudiaron seis pacientes con demencia y moderado parkinsonismo. El Mini-Mental Test y la Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), parte motora, se utilizaron para evaluar a los pacientes. Se realizó un SPECT tres o cuatro horas después de la administración de 185 MBq FP-CIT (ioflupano), un ligando de la proteína transportadora de dopamina. La captación de radioactividad de corteza occipital se utilizó como referencia para el estudio del caudado y el putamen en ambos hemisferios. Todas las imágenes se valoraron también con control visual. Todos los pacientes tenían demencia con moderadas fluctuaciones en la función cognitiva, síndrome parkinsoniano y alucinaciones. El DaT-SCAN fue normal en dos pacientes y patológico en cuatro. Conclusión. En la DCL la sensibilidad y la especificidad de los criterios diagnósticos clínicos varían según los estudios. El DaT-SCAN puede ser una ayuda para el diagnóstico diferencial con la EA (AU)

Introduction. Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is one of the main differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).In DLB there is 40-70% loss of striatal dopamine and the loss of dopaminergic cell is accompanied by loss of the dopaminetransporter. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in DLB can be confirmed in vivo with I-FP-CIT (DaT-SCAN), a pre-synapticdopamine transporter marker. There are no changes in DaT-scan in AD compared with controls. Aim. The use of DaT-SCAN for thedifferential diagnosis between AD and DLB. Case reports. We use the DaT-SCAN to study the nigrostriatal pathway in 6 patientswith dementia and moderate parkinsonism. The Mini-Mental Test and the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, motor partonly (UPDRS), were performed. A SPECT scan was carried out 3 to 4 hours after administration of 185 MBq FP-CIT (ioflupane)a dopaminergic presynaptic ligand. With occipital cortex used as a radioactivity uptake reference, ratios for the caudate nucleusand the anterior and posterior putamen of both hemispheres were calculated. All scans were also rated by a simple visual method.All patients had dementia with moderate fluctuations in cognitive function, parkinsonian syndrome and hallucinations. DaT-SCANwas normal in 2 patients and pathological in 4. Conclusion. The sensitivity and specificity of the DLB criteria vary markedly.FP-CIT SPECT may be a new tool in the differential diagnosis between DLB and AD (AU)

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