RESUMEN
The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of different extracts and fractions obtained from Hymenaea stigonocarpa stem barks. The cyclohexanic, ethyl acetate, ethanol, aqueous, and hydroalcoholic extracts were obtained by maceration. The hydroalcoholic extract was partitioned, which resulted in the ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. All extracts and fractions were subjected to phytochemical screening and evaluation of total phenol and tannin contents. An HPLC-DAD and ultrastructural alterations analysis were performed. Terpenes and coumarins were detected in the cyclohexanic extract. Flavonoids and condensed tannins were present in the other extracts and fractions. The extracts with the highest contents of tannins, ethanol (EE), hydroalcoholic (HE), and aqueous fraction (AF) showed also the highest antimicrobial activity. The MIC values ranged from 64 to 526 µg/mL. The chromatographic fingerprints suggest the presence of astilbin and other flavonoids in EE and HE. Presence of the thick cell wall, undulating outer layer, abnormal septa, and leakage of the cytoplasmic contents and absence of cell wall and cell lyses were the main alterations observed on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 after treatment with the Hymenaea stigonocarpa hydroalcoholic extract. The presence of phenolic compounds like flavonoids and tannins is possibly the reason for the antimicrobial activity.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Hymenaea/química , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/efectos de los fármacos , Corteza de la Planta/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Alcoholes/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/ultraestructura , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
AIM: The intent of this study is to examine whether intrauterine malnutrition provokes alterations in the progression of the acute and subchronic inflammatory response, and its influence on the pharmacological effect of indomethacin. METHODS DESIGN: Rat offspring of dams which were fed from the first day of their gestation to term receiving a balanced diet (Labina) or a basic regional diet (BRD) from northeastern Brazil. According to their dams, the offspring were divided in two groups: Control-N (nourished) and BRD-g (undernourished during gestation). At 2 months of age, the animals were divided into groups (n=06): (1) Animals that were subjected to carrageenan or (2) zymosan-induce paw edema (acute inflammation models) and (3) Animals that were subjected to cotton pellet-induced granuloma (subchronic inflammation model). All animals received (saline 0.9%; p.o.). Another set of adult offspring was submitted to the same procedure as above, but instead of saline they received (via gavage) a single oral dose of indomethacin (10mg/kg) for the animals subjected to acute inflammation models or 2mg/kg for seven consecutive days for the animals subjected to subchronic inflammation model. The animals were further divided in two groups: Control-NI (Control-N treated with indomethacin), and BRDI-g (BRD-g treated with indomethacin). The volume of hind paw swelling (mL) was measured at time zero (before), 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min after carrageenan or zymosan injection. In the subchronic model of inflammation, the pellets were removed and dried to a constant weight. Hind paw swelling, weight of granuloma, blood albumin and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, leukocyte count and cytokine levels were evaluated as indicators of inflammation. RESULTS: Undernutrition during pregnancy caused fetal growth retardation which was shown in terms of low birth weight (5.38±0.28), when compared to the Control-N (7.26±0.64) group. The volume of paw edema, the serum levels of CRP and albumin and cytokine levels were lower than those in the BRD-g group when compared to those in the Control-N groups, in both models of acute inflammation studied. However, no difference was found in the total leukocyte count. When compared to the respective groups treated with saline (Control-N and BRD-g), the antiinflammatory effect of indomethacin in the animals of BRDI-g groups was lower than in the Control-NI groups, in the model of acute inflammation. In the model of subchronic inflammation, the pharmacological effect of indomethacin was effective only in nourished animals. CONCLUSION: Malnutrition in the early stages of development attenuated the severity of the acute inflammatory response, but there was no statistically significant change in subchronic inflammation induced by granulomatous lesion. Our findings provide impetus for larger trials to assess the influence of undernutrition on the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of indomethacin.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacocinética , Trastornos Nutricionales en el Feto/metabolismo , Indometacina/farmacocinética , Inflamación/metabolismo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/metabolismo , Análisis de Varianza , Alimentación Animal , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/administración & dosificación , Peso al Nacer , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Carragenina/efectos adversos , Edema/inducido químicamente , Femenino , Retardo del Crecimiento Fetal , Granuloma/inducido químicamente , Indometacina/administración & dosificación , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Interleucina-6/análisis , Recuento de Leucocitos , Masculino , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Albúmina Sérica/análisis , Factores de Tiempo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/análisis , Zimosan/efectos adversosRESUMEN
A Mentha crispa (Lamiaceae) é conhecida popularmente como hortelã-da-folha-miúda. O extrato hidroalcoólico (EHA) de Mentha crispa, obtido do caule e da folha, possui atividade amebicida (Entamoeba histolytica) e giardicida (Giardia lamblia) e é explorado comercialmente na produção do fitoterápico Giamebil plus®. Os efeitos da administração oral subcrônica do EHA de Mentha crispa foram investigados sobre a performance reprodutiva em ratos Wistar adultos. Três grupos de ratos machos (n=6-12/grupo) foram tratados durante 30 dias consecutivos com EHA por via oral nas doses de 0,5 e 1,0 g/kg de peso ou água destilada (grupo controle). Em seguida, foram determinados os índices reprodutivos, massa dos órgãos e análise morfológica do testículo, epidídimo e ducto deferente. Os resultados mostram que, durante o período de tratamento, não se observaram sinais de toxicidade ou morte dos animais. Os índices reprodutivos, assim como a massa e as morfologias macro e microscópica dos órgãos não foram modificados pela administração subcrônica do EHA. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a administração subcrônica do extrato hidroalcoólico de Mentha crispa (Giamebil plus®) não possui atividade contraceptiva sobre o sistema reprodutor de ratos Wistar.
Mentha crispa (Lamiaceae) is commonly known as "hortelã-da-folha-miúda". The hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) from the leaves and stem of Mentha crispa possesses amebicidal (Entamoeba histolytica) and giardicidal (Giardia lamblia) activity and it is commercially used in the production of the phytoterapic Giamebil plus®. The effects of the subchronic administration of the HAE of Mentha crispa were investigated on reproductive performance in adult Wistar rats. Three groups of male rats (n=6-12/group) were orally treated daily for 30 consecutive days with the HAE at doses of 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg or distilled water (control group). Then, the reproductive indices, the organ weight and the morphologic analysis of testicle, epididymis and vas deferens were determined. There were no signs of toxicity or deaths during the period of treatment. Furthermore, the reproductive indices, the organ weight and the macroscopic and microscopic morphologic analysis of the organs were not altered by subchronic administration of the HAE of Mentha crispa. It shows that the subchronic administration of the HAE of Mentha crispa (Giamebil plus®) did not possess contraceptive activity on the reproductive system of Wistar rats.
RESUMEN
O estudo farmacológico de Croton rhamnifolius e Croton rhamnifolioides foi baseado no uso popular.Os extratos brutos aquosos a 20 por cento (0,5 a 2,0g/kg das cascas foram administrados por via oral para avaliação da possível atividade tóxica, a qual não foi observada em rato. Os extratos de C.rhmnifolius e C.rhamnifolioides (0,5 e 1,0g/kg) administrados por via oral em ratos não protegeram a mucosa estomacal da lesão induzida por etanol a 70 por cento. O extrato de C. rhamnifolioides (0,5 e 1,0g/kg) não reduziu as contorções abdominais induzidas por ácido acético em camundongos. Uma possível atividade relaxante da musculatura lisa em ducto deferente e jejuno de rato foi obtida com ambos os extratos (2 a 20mg/mL),através da inibição das contrações induzidas respectivamente por acetilcolina e cloreto de potássio.