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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the proportion of blood samples diagnosed with reticulocytosis without anaemia in cats and dogs and report the aetiology and mortality rate of affected animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective multicentre study including haematological examination of 3956 cats and 11,087 dogs admitted to seven German veterinary clinics (2012 to 2014). The proportion of blood samples with reticulocytosis without anaemia was calculated, and after exclusion of multiple measurements of the same animal, clinical data were evaluated. Animals with reticulocytosis without anaemia were classified as healthy or diseased, and diseased patients were assigned to 12 disease groups. Pretreatment (i.e. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, dipyrone) was recorded. RESULTS: The proportion of blood samples with reticulocytosis without anaemia was 3·1% (124/3956) in cats and 4·4% (492/11,087) in dogs. Overall, 1·8% (2/111) of cats and 1·5% (7/458) of dogs with reticulocytosis without anaemia were healthy. Blood loss/anaemia, cardiac/respiratory disorders, gastrointestinal disorders and inflammatory disorders as well as cancer were the most frequent underlying diseases. Pretreatment was noted in 39·5% (43/111) of cats and 42·4% (194/458) of dogs. The mortality rate was 37·8% (42/111) in cats and 29·7% (136/458) in dogs with reticulocytosis without anaemia; the median survival time in non-survivors was 1 day (range: 0 to 376 days in cats, 0 to 444 days in dogs). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In both species, reticulocytosis without anaemia was observed in a low proportion of blood samples (dogs>cat). Though a bias towards sick animals is possible in our sample, reticulocytosis without anaemia was mainly seen in diseased animals and associated with a mortality rate of approximately one-third of patients.
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BACKGROUND: Greyhounds have several hematologic variables that are outside of the respective reference intervals of other dog breeds. In addition, increases in HCT, total protein and HGB concentration, and RBC and WBC counts occur immediately after exercise; these values return to resting values within a few hour after racing. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of exercise on the concentration of reticulocytes in circulating blood in racing Greyhounds. We hypothesized that reticulocyte numbers are significantly increased immediately after a race, and return to baseline within one to 2 h postrace. METHODS: Fifty actively racing Greyhounds at the Wheeling Island Racetrack and Casino were included in the study. Samples were collected by jugular venipuncture one day prior to racing at the kennel (resting), immediately after racing, and one to 2 h after the race (recovery). Reticulocyte counts were determined with an IDEXX ProCyte Dx Hematology Analyzer (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, USA). Due to a nonparametric distribution, the results were statistically compared using the Friedman test. RESULTS: Reticulocyte concentrations were significantly different among the 3 sample collection times (P < .0001). There was a significant increase in reticulocyte concentration immediately after racing (P < .001); one to 2 h after racing, the reticulocyte numbers decreased significantly (P < .001) to counts comparable to resting samples. CONCLUSION: The increase in reticulocyte concentration is probably related to splenic contraction secondary to the release of catecholamines, although premature bone marrow release could also account for these changes. Thus, it is important to consider a Greyhound's activity and degree of excitement when interpreting selected hematologic data in a clinical setting.
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Perros/sangre , Condicionamiento Físico Animal/fisiología , Reticulocitos/fisiología , Animales , Perros/fisiología , Femenino , Pruebas Hematológicas/veterinaria , Masculino , Valores de Referencia , Recuento de Reticulocitos/veterinaria , Factores de Tiempo , West VirginiaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Sighthounds, including deerhounds, have unique physiological traits that result in laboratory test results that may lie outside reference intervals for the general dog population. Although reference intervals for most analytes are thought to be similar among sighthounds, breed-specific reference intervals are available mainly for greyhounds. The aim of this study was to establish reference intervals for haematology and serum biochemical profiles in deerhounds. METHODS: Venous blood samples were collected from healthy deerhounds. Haematological and biochemical analytes were examined and reference intervals were established using the 5th and 95th percentiles. RESULTS: The reference intervals obtained from 96 dogs for platelets, reticulocytes, total thyroxine, chloride, gamma glutamyl transferase, bilirubin and glucose were lower than the general dog population. Reference intervals for mean cell volume, potassium, urea, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol were higher than the general dog population. Reference intervals for eosinophils and globulin were wider than that of the general population. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: These results confirm that differences in haematological and biochemical values exist in the deerhound. Some appear to be shared by all sighthounds but others may be unique to this breed.
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Análisis Químico de la Sangre/veterinaria , Perros/sangre , Pruebas Hematológicas/veterinaria , Animales , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas/veterinaria , Análisis Químico de la Sangre/normas , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Sanguíneos , Cruzamiento , Femenino , Hematócrito/veterinaria , Pruebas Hematológicas/normas , Hemoglobinas/análisis , Masculino , Estándares de Referencia , Valores de Referencia , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which pretreatment prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration and cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) expression could be used to predict the antitumor activity of cox inhibitor treatment in naturally occurring canine transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (TCC). Snap frozen tissues (to measure PGE2) and formalin-fixed TCC samples (for cox-2 immunohistochemistry) were obtained by cystoscopy or surgery. Complete tumor staging was performed before and after one month of treatment with the cox inhibitor, piroxicam (0.3 mg/kg q24 h po). The pretreatment PGE2 concentration ranged from 57 to 1624 ng/g of TCC tissue; n=18 dogs). Cox-2 immunoreactivity was observed in all TCC samples. There was no association between PGE2 concentration, cox-2 expression, and change in tumor volume with piroxicam treatment. In conclusion, cox-2 expression or PGE2 concentration alone, or the combination of the two was not useful in predicting response to piroxicam treatment in canine TCC.
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Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/metabolismo , Ciclooxigenasa 2/biosíntesis , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Piroxicam/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/enzimología , Animales , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/enzimología , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa 2/uso terapéutico , Perros , Inmunohistoquímica , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
The purpose of this work was to determine cox-1 and cox-2 expression by immunohistochemistry in forms of naturally occurring canine cancer in order to identify animal systems for pre-clinical evaluation of cox inhibitors and cox-2 inhibitors in cancer. Canine lymphoma (LSA), prostatic carcinoma (PCA), osteosarcoma (OSA), oral melanoma (MEL), oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), oral fibrosarcoma (FSA), mammary carcinoma (MCA), and normal tissues were included. Cox-2 was expressed in epithelial tumors (17 of 26 SCC, 8 of 13 MCA, 5 of 9 PCA cases) and MEL (9 of 15 cases), but was generally absent in normal tissues. Cox-2 expression was minimal or absent in mesenchymal tumors and LSA. Cox-1 was expressed in normal epithelial tissues and in some osteoclast and osteoblast in bone, but was absent in normal lymph node. In conclusion, forms of canine cancer were identified for in vivo studies of the effects of cox inhibitors and selective cox-2 inhibitors on cancer.
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Enfermedades de los Perros/metabolismo , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/veterinaria , Prostaglandina-Endoperóxido Sintasas/biosíntesis , Animales , Huesos/metabolismo , Ciclooxigenasa 1 , Ciclooxigenasa 2 , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa 2 , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Perros , Epitelio/metabolismo , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Ganglios Linfáticos/metabolismo , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Osteoclastos/metabolismoRESUMEN
A 5-year-old Chihuahua presented for clinical signs of dysuria and penile prolapse. Radiographic studies identified a urethral obstruction distal to the junction of the proximal and middle third of the os penis that appeared to be secondary to swelling of the penis. Penile resection combined with a scrotal urethrostomy was performed. Histopathological examinations of tissue samples of the body of the penis revealed lymphosarcoma. Lymphosarcoma of the penis is a rare finding in all species. It can occur as a primary tumor of the penis in dogs. Penile lymphosarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dogs affected with penile prolapse and dysuria.
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Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Linfoma no Hodgkin/veterinaria , Neoplasias del Pene/veterinaria , Obstrucción Uretral/veterinaria , Animales , Muerte Súbita/veterinaria , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Linfoma no Hodgkin/complicaciones , Linfoma no Hodgkin/diagnóstico , Masculino , Neoplasias del Pene/complicaciones , Neoplasias del Pene/diagnóstico , Prolapso , Radiografía , Obstrucción Uretral/etiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of piroxicam for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma in dogs. DESIGN: Prospective case series. ANIMALS: 17 dogs with measurable oral squamous cell carcinoma. PROCEDURE: Dogs were treated with piroxicam at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg (0.14 mg/lb) of body weight, PO, every 24 hours until progressive disease or unacceptable signs of toxicosis developed or the dog died. RESULTS: One dog had a complete remission (maxillary tumor), and 2 dogs had partial remissions (lingual tumor and tonsillar tumor). An additional 5 dogs had stable disease, including 1 with a maxillary tumor, 2 with mandibular tumors, and 2 with tonsillar tumors. Variables associated with tumor response were not identified. Median and mean times to failure for the 3 dogs that had a remission were 180 and 223 days, respectively. Median and mean times to failure for the 5 dogs with stable disease were 102 and 223 days, respectively. Time to failure was positively associated with tumor response and negatively associated with tumor size. One dog had mild adverse gastrointestinal tract effects that resolved with the addition of misoprostol to the treatment regimen. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that piroxicam may be useful in the treatment of dogs with oral squamous cell carcinoma; response rate was similar to that reported for other cytotoxic treatments. Larger-scale studies are warranted to determine what role piroxicam may have, alone or in combination with other treatments, for the treatment of dogs with oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Boca/veterinaria , Piroxicam/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/efectos adversos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Perros , Evaluación de Medicamentos/veterinaria , Femenino , Masculino , Neoplasias de la Boca/tratamiento farmacológico , Piroxicam/efectos adversos , Factores de Tiempo , Insuficiencia del Tratamiento , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association among clinical signs, results of cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and measures of pulmonary function in horses with inflammatory respiratory disease. ANIMALS: 9 healthy horses, 5 horses with inflammatory airway disease (IAD), and 9 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). PROCEDURES: Clinical examination, lung function tests, and BAL were performed on each horse. RESULTS: Standard lung mechanics of horses with exacerbated COPD differed significantly from those of healthy horses; however, there were few differences among horses with IAD, horses with COPD during remission, and healthy horses. Most variables for forced expiration (FE) in horses with COPD or IAD differed significantly from those for healthy horses. Results of clinical examination had low to moderate sensitivity and predictive values for a diagnosis of COPD (range, 67 to 80%). Results of FE tests had high sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for a diagnosis of COPD (79 to 100%), and results of standard lung mechanics tests had low sensitivity and predictive values (22 to 69%). Percentage of neutrophils in BAL fluid was highly sensitive (100%) but moderately specific (64%) for a diagnosis of COPD. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinical examination is moderately accurate for establishing a diagnosis of COPD. Forced expiration tests can specifically detect early signs of airway obstruction in horses with COPD and IAD that may otherwise be inapparent. Cytologic evaluation of BAL fluid allows early detection of inflammatory respiratory disease, but it is not specific for COPD.
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Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/citología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/patología , Enfermedades Pulmonares Obstructivas/veterinaria , Pulmón/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/veterinaria , Animales , Lavado Broncoalveolar/veterinaria , Femenino , Flujo Espiratorio Forzado , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/fisiopatología , Caballos , Enfermedades Pulmonares Obstructivas/patología , Enfermedades Pulmonares Obstructivas/fisiopatología , Masculino , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria/veterinaria , Enfermedades Respiratorias/patología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/fisiopatología , Estadísticas no ParamétricasRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to determine the PGE2 concentration in naturally-occurring cancer in pet dogs and in canine cancer cell lines in order to identify specific types of canine cancer with high PGE2 production which could serve as preclinical models to evaluate anticancer strategies targeting PGE2. PGE2 concentrations were measured by enzyme immunoassay in canine melanoma, soft tissue sarcoma, transitional cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, and prostatic carcinoma cell lines; in 80 canine tumor tissue samples including oral melanoma (MEL), oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (TCC), lymphoma (LSA), mammary carcinoma (MCA), osteosarcoma (OSA), prostatic carcinoma (PCA); and in corresponding normal organ tissues. High concentrations of PGE(2)(range 400-3300 pg/10(4)cells) were present in cell culture medium from the transitional cell carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma, and osteosarcoma cell lines. PGE2 concentrations in tumor tissues were elevated (tumor PGE2 concentration>mean+2X sd PGE(2)concentration of normal organ tissue) in 21/22 TCC, 5/6 PCA, 7/10 SCC, 5/10 MEL, 3/8 MCA, 4/15 OSA, and 0/9 LSA. Results of this study will help guide future investigations of anticancer therapies that target cyclooxygenase and PGE2.
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Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Perros/metabolismo , Neoplasias/veterinaria , Animales , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Biopsia , Medios de Cultivo/química , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Neoplasias/química , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
PURPOSE: More than 12,000 people are expected to die from invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder each year in the United States, indicating that more effective therapy is needed. Drugs inhibiting cyclooxygenase (cox) have recently been found to have chemopreventive and antitumor activity and may potentiate the effects of chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cisplatin combined with the cox-inhibitor piroxicam would induce remission more frequently than cisplatin alone in a relevant animal model of human invasive TCC. METHODS: Pet dogs with naturally occurring, histopathologically confirmed, measurable TCC of the urinary bladder were randomized to receive cisplatin (60 mg/m2 i.v. every 21 days) or cisplatin (same dosage) combined with piroxicam (0.3 mg/kg orally every 24 h). Complete staging was performed prior to and at 6-week intervals during therapy. RESULTS: After eight dogs had been evaluated in each treatment group, a significant difference in remission rate was noted (Fisher's Exact test, P < 0.004). Tumor responses in the cisplatin/piroxicam group included two complete remissions (CR), four partial remissions (PR), two stable disease (SD), and no progressive disease (PD). Tumor responses to cisplatin alone in eight dogs were no CR, no PR, four SD, and four PD. Six additional dogs were treated with cisplatin/piroxicam, and in total 10 of 14 dogs had remission (two CR, eight PR). Renal toxicity of cisplatin/ piroxicam was frequent and dose limiting. CONCLUSIONS: Cisplatin/piroxicam induced remission more frequently than cisplatin alone in a canine model of human invasive TCC. Strategies to reduce renal toxicity need to be developed prior to evaluation of cisplatin/piroxicam in humans or general use of this treatment in pet dogs.
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Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/tratamiento farmacológico , Cisplatino/uso terapéutico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Cisplatino/administración & dosificación , Creatinina/sangre , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa/administración & dosificación , Perros , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Piroxicam/administración & dosificación , Estudios Prospectivos , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in the urinary bladder epithelium of clinically normal dogs and in transitional cell carcinoma cells of dogs. ANIMALS: 21 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder and 8 dogs with clinically normal urinary bladders. PROCEDURE: COX-1 and COX-2 were evaluated by use of isoform-specific antibodies with standard immunohistochemical methods. RESULT: COX-1, but not COX-2, was constitutively expressed in normal urinary bladder epithelium; however, COX-2 was expressed in neoplastic epithelium in primary tumors and in metastatic lesions of all 21 dogs and in new proliferating blood vessels in 3 dogs. Also, COX-1 was expressed in the neoplastic cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Lack of expression of COX-2 in normal bladder epithelium and its substantial expression in transitional cell carcinoma cells suggest that this isoform may be involved in tumor cell growth. Inhibition of COX-2 is a likely mechanism of the antineoplastic effects of non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
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Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/enzimología , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Prostaglandina-Endoperóxido Sintasas/biosíntesis , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/veterinaria , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Biopsia/veterinaria , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/enzimología , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/patología , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/secundario , Ciclooxigenasa 1 , Ciclooxigenasa 2 , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa 2 , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Enfermedades de los Perros/genética , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Epitelio/enzimología , Epitelio/patología , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Inmunohistoquímica , Isoenzimas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/farmacología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/enzimología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundario , Prostaglandina-Endoperóxido Sintasas/genética , Prostaglandina-Endoperóxido Sintasas/farmacología , Vejiga Urinaria/enzimología , Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/patologíaRESUMEN
A 4-year-old female donkey residing in an open field in Indiana was admitted for evaluation of facial lesions of 2 years duration. Cytologic and histologic examination of exudate and tissue from the lesions revealed a pyogranulomatous inflammatory reaction with numerous yeasts. Sporothrix schenckii was suspected to be the infectious agent; however, multiple culture attempts did not provide positive identification of the organism. Serologic examination supported infection with S. schenckii. A specific direct immunofluorescent antibody test performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections confirmed the organism as S. schenckii. Clinical signs resolved after appropriate iodide therapy.
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Equidae/microbiología , Sporothrix , Esporotricosis/veterinaria , Animales , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Directa/veterinaria , Sporothrix/inmunología , Esporotricosis/diagnóstico , Esporotricosis/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Invasive bladder cancer results in over 10,000 deaths yearly in the United States alone. More effective therapy for invasive bladder cancer is clearly needed. As new cellular and molecular targets for therapy are identified, relevant animal models are needed to test new therapeutic strategies aimed at these targets prior to human clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to characterize spontaneous invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (TCC) in dogs, to summarize the similarities and differences between canine and human invasive TCC, and to describe how canine TCC could serve as a relevant model of human invasive bladder cancer. Information was summarized from 102 dogs with TCC evaluated and treated at the Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, from a review of the Veterinary Medical Data Base, and from reports in the literature. Canine TCC was found to be very similar to human invasive bladder cancer in histopathologic characteristics, molecular features, biological behavior including metastasis, response to medical therapy, and prognosis. Differences between canine and human TCC were few, but included gender predilection with a male:female ratio of 2.8:1 in humans versus a male:female ratio of 0.5:1 in dogs. The location of the TCC within the bladder also differed: Most canine TCC was trigonal in location, whereas more than 50% of human TCC was in the lateral and posterior walls of the bladder. Considering the great similarity between invasive bladder cancer in humans and dogs, spontaneous canine TCC can be considered a relevant animal model of human invasive bladder cancer.
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Styrene is pneumotoxic in mice. It is metabolized by pulmonary microsomes of both mouse and rat to styrene oxide (SO), presumed to be the toxic metabolite of styrene, and known to be genotoxic. To determine which pulmonary cell types are responsible for styrene metabolism, and which cytochromes P450 are associated with the bioactivation of styrene, we isolated enriched fractions of mouse and rat Clara and type II cells in order to determine the rate of styrene metabolism, with and without chemical inhibitors. Mouse Clara cells readily metabolized styrene to SO. Diethyldithiocarbamate, a CYP2E1 inhibitor, caused less inhibition of SO formation in Clara cells isolated from mice than previously found with pulmonary microsomes. As in microsomes, 5-phenyl-1-pentyne, a CYP2F2 inhibitor, inhibited the formation of both enantiomers. alpha-Naphthoflavone, a CYP1A inhibitor, did not inhibit SO formation in Clara cells. alpha-Methylbenzylaminobenzotriazole, a CYP2B inhibitor, exhibited minimal inhibition of SO production at 10 microM and less at 1 microM. The microsomal and isolated cell studies indicate that CYP2E1 and CYP2F2 are the primary cytochromes P450 involved in pulmonary styrene metabolism. Styrene metabolizing activity was much greater in Clara cells than in type II pneumocytes, which demonstrated essentially no activity. Styrene-metabolizing activity was several-fold higher in the mouse than in rat Clara cells. The more pneumotoxic and genotoxic form, R-SO, was preferentially formed in mice, and S-SO was preferentially formed in rats. These findings indicate the importance of Clara cells in styrene metabolism and suggest that differences in metabolism may be responsible for the greater susceptibility of the mouse to styrene-induced toxicity.
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Pulmón/metabolismo , Estireno/metabolismo , Animales , Separación Celular , Células Cultivadas , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Compuestos Epoxi/metabolismo , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Pulmón/citología , Pulmón/enzimología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Microsomas Hepáticos/enzimología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Estereoisomerismo , Estireno/farmacocinética , Especificidad por SustratoRESUMEN
Asian pox was diagnosed in three sanderlings (Calidris alba) on Sanibel Island, Florida (USA) in February 1997. All three cases had large tumor-like lesions which contributed significantly to their mortality. Poxvirus infection was confirmed by cytology, histopathology, and electron microscopy. This is the first report of poxvirus infection in sanderlings.
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Avipoxvirus , Enfermedades de las Aves/patología , Infecciones por Poxviridae/veterinaria , Animales , Avipoxvirus/ultraestructura , Pico/patología , Pico/ultraestructura , Aves , Plumas/patología , Florida , Microscopía Electrónica/veterinaria , Infecciones por Poxviridae/patología , Lengua/patología , Virión/ultraestructura , Alas de Animales/patologíaRESUMEN
An 11-year-old German shepherd dog cross was presented with a six-week history of weight loss and abdominal distension. A diagnosis of abdominal abscess and discospondylitis was made. The dog responded to surgical excision of the abscess and conservative medical treatment for discospondylitis.
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Absceso Abdominal/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Vértebras Lumbares , Espondilitis/veterinaria , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Absceso Abdominal/complicaciones , Absceso Abdominal/diagnóstico , Animales , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Perros , Masculino , Epiplón , Espondilitis/complicaciones , Espondilitis/diagnóstico , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/complicaciones , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/diagnósticoRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology, arterial blood gases and plasma lactate concentration during a standardised treadmill test (STT) in racehorses with small-airway inflammation (SAI), or exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Sixteen Thoroughbred and 20 Standardbred actively racing racehorses, were divided into a control group (n = 10), EIPH group (n = 13) and SAI group (n = 13). Each STT consisted of a 2 min trot at 4 m/s followed by 5 x 1 min, incremental speed steps (6, 8, 10, 11 and 12 m/s) at 10% incline for Thoroughbred and 5% for Standardbred horses, followed by a 15 min recovery period. Blood was collected via a transverse facial artery catheter at the end of each step. Total nucleated cell count of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collected from horses with EIPH was significantly higher than controls. Neutrophil count and percentage in BALF collected pre-STT from horses with SAI were significantly higher than controls. Horses with EIPH or SAI exhibited a more severe exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia than control horses during the first 4 steps of the STT (P < 0.001). Poorly performing horses were more severely hypercapnic than control horses during the STT recovery period (P < 0.05). Five and 15 min post exercise, horses with SAI and EIPH had higher blood lactate and lower blood bicarbonate concentrations than control horses (P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that lung ventilation-perfusion mismatch may be more severe in horses with respiratory disease. BALF of horses with SAI and EIPH was characterised by neutrophilic and lymphocytic inflammation, respectively. Very few parameters were significantly different between groups of good and poor performers.
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Análisis de los Gases de la Sangre/veterinaria , Bronquitis/veterinaria , Lavado Broncoalveolar/veterinaria , Hemorragia/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/fisiopatología , Ácido Láctico/sangre , Animales , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/citología , Prueba de Esfuerzo/veterinaria , Hemorragia/fisiopatología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/sangre , Caballos , Condicionamiento Físico Animal/efectos adversos , Alveolos Pulmonares/patología , Circulación PulmonarRESUMEN
Acrylonitrile (AN) has many industrial applications but is a known carcinogen in animals and a suspect human carcinogen. Its toxicity is generally associated with its bioactivation, the initial step of which is epoxidation by cytochrome P450. While the hepatotoxicity and pneumotoxicity of AN in naive rats is generally low, the purpose of this study was to investigate the pneumotoxicity and hepatotoxicity of AN in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats and evaluate interactions with agents that may alter its metabolism. Five agents, phenobarbital, beta-naphthoflavone, pyridine, ethanol, and acetone, were administered prior to AN as inducers of CYP2B, CYP1A, and CYP2E1. Pneumotoxicity was measured as increases in y-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Hepatotoxicity was measured as increases in serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH). AN (1 mmol/kg ip) had little effect on liver or lung, even when given following most of the inducing agents. AN (1.5 mmol/kg) caused an increase in GGT, but had little effect on SDH or LDH. Acetone plus AN caused an increase in mortality and some indication of pneumotoxicity, but lung and liver were histologically normal. Thus AN alone even at a high dose had no effect on the liver or lung and minimal effects following induction of cytochrome P450 by acetone.
Asunto(s)
Acrilonitrilo/toxicidad , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/química , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/biosíntesis , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/toxicidad , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Acetona , Acrilonitrilo/metabolismo , Animales , Inducción Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/administración & dosificación , Etanol , L-Iditol 2-Deshidrogenasa/sangre , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/análisis , Hígado/enzimología , Pulmón/enzimología , Masculino , Fenobarbital , Piridinas , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , beta-naftoflavona , gamma-Glutamiltransferasa/análisisRESUMEN
Despite the highly malignant nature of feline mammary carcinoma, few cases of skeletal metastasis have been reported. In this paper, a case of feline mammary carcinoma with skeletal metastasis to a distal limb is presented. The pertinent literature on feline mammary carcinoma and bone metastases is reviewed. Although the metastases of carcinomas in dogs and humans usually exhibit a proximal skeletal distribution, cats are more likely to develop distal extremity lesions. Clinicians need to have an index of suspicion that skeletal metastases may be responsible for lameness in elderly cats. Further investigation of the comparative aspects of bone metastases in cats and other species may elucidate the factors that regulate the development of skeletal metastases.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma/veterinaria , Neoplasias Óseas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Gatos/patología , Cojera Animal/etiología , Neoplasias Mamarias Animales/patología , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Adenocarcinoma/secundario , Animales , Neoplasias Óseas/secundario , Gatos , Femenino , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundario , Neoplasias Pulmonares/veterinaria , MasculinoRESUMEN
Epithelial damage in infectious bronchitis occurs early in the disease process. Heterophil infiltration into the tracheal mucosa is greatest at that time. To determine the contribution of heterophils to tracheal epithelial damage of infectious bronchitis, eight 3-wk-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were made heteropenic by four daily intramuscular injections of cyclophosphamide at 75 mg/kg body weight. Infection with Massachusetts 41 infectious bronchitis virus was timed to coordinate heteropenia with peak tracheal epithelial damage. Heteropenia was monitored by total leukocyte and differential cell counts of peripheral blood. Tissue damage and heterophil infiltrate were monitored by histopathology of tissues taken at termination of the study. Heteropenic birds had lower peripheral blood and tracheal heterophil numbers than nonheteropenic birds. No difference was found in epithelial damage of heteropenic and nonheteropenic birds. Epithelial damage in infectious bronchitis is most likely due to damage by the virus and not due to the infiltrated heterophils.