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Background: A major challenge in learning rhinoplasty is correlating patients' external and internal nasal structures. We aim to explore the application of three dimensional (3D)-printed models of nasal bony-cartilaginous structures in identifying accurate nasal anatomy. Methods: Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery and plastic and reconstructive surgery residents matched patient photograph models, described relative nasal bony-cartilaginous anatomy, completed pre- and postactivity self-evaluations (based on otolaryngology "nasal deformity" milestones including "anatomy," "function," "aesthetic," and "etiology"), and rated the 3D-printed models' usefulness. Descriptive statistics were measured. Results: Thirty-seven residents correctly matched four of six model-photograph pairs and correctly described 15 of 30 anatomic relationships, on average. There was a moderate, statistically significant correlation between postgraduate year and number of correctly matched model-photograph pairs (Spearman rho = 0.58, 95% CI 0.24-0.79) and total items correct (Spearman rho = 0.61, 95% CI 0.28-0.81). Self-ratings on milestones decreased postexercise in all subcategories except "function." From 0 (low) to 100 (high), learners found the exercise useful (median 85 of 100) with a high recommendation for future use (median 87 of 100). Conclusions: Three-dimensional printed models are a valuable tool for understanding nasal anatomy. Continued standardization of designs and assessments of their educational utility will enhance their broader dissemination and implementation.

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OBJECTIVE: Use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in very low birthweight infants to decrease the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia can also lead to pressure injuries (PI) caused by the respiratory device interface. We aimed to decrease our incidence of PIs related to the mask/prongs interface used for NIV (PI-NIV). STUDY DESIGN: We identified correct use of barriers and appropriate interface fit as key targets for intervention. Over several PDSA cycles, we developed custom 3D printed barrier templates to allow for barriers to be cut at the bedside and created concise educational documents to assist with interface fitting and troubleshooting. RESULTS: The incidence of all PI-NIV decreased from 5.64 to 2.27 per 1000 NIV patient-days and the incidence of reportable (stage 3-4 and unstageable) PI-NIV decreased from 1.13 to 0 per 1000 NIV patient-days during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: With appropriate barrier usage and targeted education, the risk of PI-NIV can be minimized.

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BACKGROUND: Data regarding delays for emergency surgery in Sub-Saharan Africa is limited. We have therefore decided to undertake an evaluation of delays in patients seeking care, reaching care and receiving care for emergency surgery at four rural faith-based hospitals in this region over a 3 month period. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, multi-center, international study at four rural faith-based hospitals in Madagascar, Gabon, Cameroon and Burundi. All patients presenting at these hospitals between 10 February and 1 May 2020 for one of the three Bellwether procedures (caesarean delivery, emergency laparotomy, management of open fracture) were to be enrolled in this study. Data was collected in the form of a questionnaire administered to the patient or the patient's caregiver within 24 h of admission to the hospital. RESULTS: After analysis of data for 148 patients, we found that the median [quartiles] delay in seeking care overall was 3.5 [0.5, 17.6] h, in reaching care 7.6 [2.3, 33.6] h and in receiving care 3.6 [1.7, 6.8] h. In 72% (107/148) of cases, the second delay was more than 2 h. Sixty-five percent of patients who were delayed reported that their delay was because care was sought elsewhere before arrival at one of our Bellwether-capable sites. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the majority of patients needing emergency surgical care in the rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa where our study was conducted are frequently delayed, with the largest delay being in reaching care. Further investigations into the reasons for these delays should be conducted.

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RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: Three-dimensional (3D) printing allows innovative solutions for personal protective equipment, particularly in times of crisis. Our goal was to generate an N95-alternative 3D-printed respirator that passed Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)-certified quantitative fit testing during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3D printed prototypes for N95 solutions were created based on the design of commercial N95 respirators. Computed tomography imaging was performed on an anthropomorphic head phantom wearing a commercially available N95 respirator and these facial contour data was used in mask prototyping. Prototypes were generated using rigid and flexible polymers. According to OSHA standards, prototypes underwent subsequent quantitative respirator fit testing on volunteers who passed fit tests on commercial N95 respirators. RESULTS: A total of 10 prototypes were 3D printed using both rigid (n = 5 designs) and flexible materials (n = 5 designs), Prototypes generated with rigid printing materials (n = 5 designs) did not pass quantitative respirator fit testing. Three of the five prototypes with flexible materials failed quantitative fit testing. The final two prototypes designs passed OSHA-certified quantitative fit tests with an overall mean fit factor of 138 (passing is over 100). CONCLUSION: Through rapid prototyping, 3D printed N95 alternative masks were designed with topographical facial computed tomography data to create mask facial contour and passed OSHA-certified quantitative respiratory testing when flexible polymer was used. This mask design may provide an alternative to disposable N95 respirators in case of pandemic-related shortages. Furthermore, this approach may allow customization for those that would otherwise fail fit testing on standard commercial respirators.

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BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal endoscopy (GIE) is not routinely accessible in many parts of rural Africa. As surgical training expands and technology progresses, the capacity to deliver endoscopic care to patients improves. We aimed to describe the current burden of gastrointestinal (GI) disease undergoing GIE by examining the experience of surgical training related to GIE. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on GIE procedures performed by trainees with complete case logs during 5-year general surgery training at Pan-African Academy of Christian Surgeons (PAACS) sites. Cases were classified according to diagnosis and/or indication, anatomic location, intervention, adverse events, and outcomes. Comparisons were performed by institutional location and case volumes. Analysis was performed for trainee self-reported autonomy by post-graduate year and case volume experience. RESULTS: Twenty trainees performed a total of 2181 endoscopic procedures. More upper endoscopies (N = 1,853) were performed than lower endoscopies (N = 325). Of all procedures, 546 (26.7%) involved a cancer or mass, 267 (12.2%) involved a report of blood loss, and 452 (20.7%) reported pain as a component of the diagnosis. Interventions beyond biopsy were reported in 555 (25%) procedures. Esophageal indications predominated the upper endoscopies, particularly esophageal cancer. Trainees in high-volume centers and in East Africa performed more interventional endoscopy and procedures focused on esophageal cancer. Procedure logs documented adverse events in 39 cases (1.8% of all procedures), including 16 patients (0.8%) who died within 30 days of the procedure. Self-reported autonomy improved with both increased endoscopy experience and post-graduate year. CONCLUSIONS: GIE is an appropriate component of general surgery residency training in Africa, and adequate training can be provided, particularly in upper GI endoscopy, and includes a wide variety of endoscopic therapeutic interventions.

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PURPOSE: Many commonly used mask designs are secured by elastic straps looping around the posterior auricular region. This constant pressure and friction against the skin may contribute to increased wearer pain, irritation, and discomfort. The purpose of this work is to report a modified 3D printed mask extender to alleviate discomfort and increase mask wearability by relieving posterior auricular pressure from isolation masks. METHODS: Our institutional review board designated this project as non-human research and exempt. As part of resourcing 3D printing laboratories along with individual 3D printers to provide resources to healthcare workers, mask extenders were printed to relieve posterior auricular pressure from individuals wearing isolation masks. The authors modifed an existing mask extender, increasing its length with accompanying peripheral rungs for isolation mask securement. 3D printing was performed with Ultimaker S5 (Ultimaker B.V.; Geldermalsen, Netherlands) and CR-10 (Creality3D; Shenzhen, China) 3D printers using polylactic acid filaments. The author's modified extended mask extenders were printed and freely delivered to healthcare workers (physicians, nurses, technologists, and other personnel) at the authors' institution. RESULTS: The final mask extender design was printed with the two 3D printers with a maximum 7 straps printed simultaneously on each 3D printer. Mean print times ranges from 105 min for the Ultimaker S5 printer and 150 min for the CR-10. Four hundred seventy-five mask extenders were delivered to healthcare workers at the authors' institution, with the demand far exceeding the available supply. CONCLUSION: We offer a modification of a 3D printed mask extender design that decreases discomfort and increases the wearability of isolation mask designs with ear loops thought to relieve posterior auricular skin pressure and ability to control strap tension. The design is simple, produced with inexpensive material (polylactic acid), and have been well-received by healthcare providers at our institution.

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BACKGROUND: The frequency of head computed tomography (CT) imaging for mild head trauma patients has raised safety and cost concerns. Validated clinical decision rules exist in the published literature and on-line sources to guide medical image ordering but are often not used by emergency department (ED) clinicians. Using simulation, we explored whether the presentation of a clinical decision rule (i.e. Canadian CT Head Rule - CCHR), findings from malpractice cases related to clinicians not ordering CT imaging in mild head trauma cases, and estimated patient out-of-pocket cost might influence clinician brain CT ordering. Understanding what type and how information may influence clinical decision making in the ordering advanced medical imaging is important in shaping the optimal design and implementation of related clinical decision support systems. METHODS: Multi-center, double-blinded simulation-based randomized controlled trial. Following standardized clinical vignette presentation, clinicians made an initial imaging decision for the patient. This was followed by additional information on decision support rules, malpractice outcome review, and patient cost; each with opportunity to modify their initial order. The malpractice and cost information differed by assigned group to test the any temporal relationship. The simulation closed with a second vignette and an imaging decision. RESULTS: One hundred sixteen of the 167 participants (66.9%) initially ordered a brain CT scan. After CCHR presentation, the number of clinicians ordering a CT dropped to 76 (45.8%), representing a 21.1% reduction in CT ordering (P = 0.002). This reduction in CT ordering was maintained, in comparison to initial imaging orders, when presented with malpractice review information (p = 0.002) and patient cost information (p = 0.002). About 57% of clinicians changed their order during study, while 43% never modified their imaging order. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that ED clinician brain CT imaging decisions may be influenced by clinical decision support rules, patient out-of-pocket cost information and findings from malpractice case review. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03449862 , February 27, 2018, Retrospectively registered.

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INTRODUCTION: Carbon dioxide is the standard insufflation gas for laparoscopy. However, in many areas of the world, bottled carbon dioxide is not available. Laparoscopy offers advantages over open surgery and has been practiced using filtered room air insufflation since 2006 at Bongolo Hospital in Gabon, Africa. OBJECTIVE: Our primary goal was to evaluate the safety of room air insufflation related to intraoperative and postoperative complications. Our secondary aim was to review the types of cases performed laparoscopically at our institution. METHODS: This retrospective review evaluates laparoscopic cases performed at Bongolo Hospital between January 2006 and December 2013. Demographic and perioperative information for patients undergoing laparoscopic procedures was collected. Insufflation was achieved using a standard, oil-free air compressor using filtered air and a standard insufflation regulator. RESULTS: A total of 368 laparoscopic procedures were identified within the time period. The majority of cases were gynecologic (43%). There was a 2% (8/368) complication rate with one perioperative death. The 2 complications related to insufflation were episodes of hypotension responsive to standard corrective measures. No intracorporeal combustion events were observed in any cases in which the use of diathermy and room air insufflation were combined. The other complications and the death were unrelated to the use of insufflation with air. CONCLUSION: Insufflation complications with room air occurred in our study. However, the complications related to insufflation with room air in our study were no different than those described in the literature using carbon dioxide. As room air is less costly than carbon dioxide and readily available, confirming the safety of room air insufflation in prospective studies is warranted. Room air appears to be safe for establishing and maintaining pneumoperitoneum, making laparoscopic surgery more accessible to patients in low-resource settings.

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