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OBJECTIVE: To document the results of outpatient hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from the peripheral blood (PB) of sibling donors without anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) in the conditioning regimen. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients from a low-income population with severe AA who received a PB, unmanipulated sibling HLA-identical HSCT between 2000 and 2020 at a single institution were studied. Survival was the primary outcome. RESULTS: Forty-one transplants were performed. Time between diagnosis and transplant was five months (1-104). Median age was 37 (range, 4-61) years; 25 (61 %) recipients were males and 32 (78 %) had treatment failure, 9 (22 %) have not received treatment. ATG was administered in 5 (12.2 %) cases; the graft source was PB in 38 (92.7 %) transplants. Twenty-six (63.4 %) transplants were carried out in the outpatient setting. Infections developed in 14 (34.1 %) patients. Primary graft failure (GF) occurred in 3 (7.3 %) patients. The 15-year OS was 81 %, EFS was 77.4 %. Patients with high pre-HSCT transfusion burden had lower OS (p = 0.035) and EFS (p = 0.026). Previous treatment failure and age were not associated with lower OS (p = 0.115, p = 0.069) or EFS (p = 0.088, p = 0.5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: HLA-identical T-cell replete outpatient HSCT from the PB of sibling donors for AA patients using ATG-free conditioning offers excellent long-term survival.

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BACKGROUND: HLA compatibility predicts allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT) and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) outcomes. There is insufficient information regarding GvHD outcomes for outpatient HLA-identical and haploidentical-HCT employing reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We compare GvHD outcomes between donor types and report risk factors associated with GvHD. Stem cell source was T-cell replete peripheral blood. GvHD prophylaxis was post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PT-CY), mycophenolic acid, and calcineurin inhibitors for haploidentical (n = 107) and oral cyclosporine (CsA) plus methotrexate i.v. for HLA-identical (n = 89) recipients. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-six HCT transplant patients were included. aGvHD and cGvHD frequency were similar between HCT types. aGvHD severity was comparable, but severe cGvHD was less frequent in the haploidentical group (p = .011). One-hundred-day cumulative incidence (CI) of aGvHD for haploidentical and HLA-identical was 31% and 33% (p = .84); 2-year CI of cGvHD was 32% and 38% (p = .6), respectively. Haploidentical recipients had less steroid-refractory cGvHD (p = .043). Patients with cGvHD had less 2-year relapse (p = .003); both aGvHD and cGvHD conferred higher OS (p = .010 and p = .001), respectively. Male sex was protective for steroid-refractory cGvHD (p = .028). CONCLUSIONS: Acute and chronic GvHD rates were comparable between HLA-identical and haploidentical transplant groups. cGvHD severity was lower in the haploidentical group.

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BACKGROUND: While second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) revolutionized treatment for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) who developed a suboptimal response to imatinib, many patients in developing countries are fixed to the latter due to socioeconomic barriers. Despite this scenario, scarce information is available to evaluate the clinical prognosis of these patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis to compare the overall mortality of patients with CML who developed a suboptimal response to a standard dose of imatinib and were treated with either high-dose imatinib or a second-generation TKI. We created a marginal structural model with inverse probability weighting and stabilized weights. Our primary outcome was overall survival (OS) at 150 months. Our secondary outcomes were disease-free survival (DFS) at 150 months and adverse events. RESULTS: The cohort included 148 patients, of which 32 received high-dose imatinib and 116 a second-generation TKI. No difference was found in the 150-month overall survival risk (RR: 95% CI 0.91, 0.55-1.95, P-value = .77; RD: -0.04, -0.3 to 0.21, P-value = .78) and disease-free survival (RR: 1.02, 95% CI 0.53-2.71, P-value = .96; RD: 0.01, -0.26 to 0.22, P-value = .96). There was also no difference in the incidence of adverse events in either group. CONCLUSION: Ideally, patients who develop a suboptimal response to imatinib should be switched to a second-generation TKI. If impossible, however, our findings suggest that patients treated with high-dose imatinib have a similar overall survival and disease-free survival prognosis to patients receiving a second-generation TKI.

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Abstract Introduction Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a common complication of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT), characterized by irritative symptoms of the urinary tract and a higher morbidity and mortality rate. The worldwide incidence is reported between 10% and 70%. The use of alkylating agents and BK viral infection are the most frequent etiologies. The aim of this study was to report the HC incidence in an outpatient haplo-HCST program with a reduced intensity-conditioning (RIC) regimen, cataloguing risk factors, complications and final outcomes. Methods The medical database of patients who received a haplo-HSCT between January 2012 and November 2017 was retrospectively analyzed. Demographic variables, general characteristics and HC incidence were included. Results One hundred and eleven patients were included, 30 (27%) of whom developed HC, most of them (70%) being grade II, with a 30-day (7-149) median time of post-transplant HC onset. The BK virus was detected in 71% of the urine samples analyzed. All HC patients responded to treatment, except two (6.6%), who died due to HC complications. Conclusions There was no difference in the HC incidence or severity, compared to that reported when performing haplo-HSCT in hospitalized patients, although the donor-recipient sex mismatch did relate to a higher HC incidence.

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INTRODUCTION: Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a common complication of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT), characterized by irritative symptoms of the urinary tract and a higher morbidity and mortality rate. The worldwide incidence is reported between 10% and 70%. The use of alkylating agents and BK viral infection are the most frequent etiologies. The aim of this study was to report the HC incidence in an outpatient haplo-HCST program with a reduced intensity-conditioning (RIC) regimen, cataloguing risk factors, complications and final outcomes. METHODS: The medical database of patients who received a haplo-HSCT between January 2012 and November 2017 was retrospectively analyzed. Demographic variables, general characteristics and HC incidence were included. RESULTS: One hundred and eleven patients were included, 30 (27%) of whom developed HC, most of them (70%) being grade II, with a 30-day (7-149) median time of post-transplant HC onset. The BK virus was detected in 71% of the urine samples analyzed. All HC patients responded to treatment, except two (6.6%), who died due to HC complications. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in the HC incidence or severity, compared to that reported when performing haplo-HSCT in hospitalized patients, although the donor-recipient sex mismatch did relate to a higher HC incidence.

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INTRODUCTION: Historically, the measurement of serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels in patients with leukopenia has been rejected without sufficient prospective evidence to justify this argument. On the other hand, the accumulated use of broad spectrum antibiotics in these patients and their consequences make the use of PCT attractive in an effort to reduce its use. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study between 2016 and 2018, recruiting newly diagnosed FN patients, evaluating them with PCT levels during the first 24 h. After this we evaluate them with overall survival throughout the follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 81 episodes of FN in 72 patients were included. We report a mortality of 27.2% in our cohort. The mean serum PCT in these patients was 4.01 ng/mL compared to 0.42 ng/mL in the survivors group (p < 0.01). Using ROC curves, we determined a cut-off point to predict septic shock/death at 0.46 ng/mL. Patients with a procalcitonin >0.46 ng/mL had an increased risk of death, with a HR of 4.43, (p = 0.048). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, in our trial a single PCT on admission at a cut-off value of 0.46 ng/mL was able to predict the occurrence of septic shock and death in FN patients.

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BACKGROUND: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) feasibility has increased in the last decades because of haplo-HSCT, changes in chemotherapy schedules, and the possibility of an outpatient-based HSCT. The main barriers remain in low-middle income countries. There is a lack of information regarding haplo-HSCT with a myeloablative (MAC) regimen on an outpatient basis. OBJECTIVES: Our primary objective was to determine if outpatient haplo-HSCT was feasible. STUDY DESIGN: Single center, retrospective cohort, n=60 adult patients undergoing Haplo-HSCT. Descriptive statistical analysis, univariate and multivariate comparison. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We analyzed 60 adult patients transplanted with an intended haplo-HSCT on an outpatient basis from 2015 to 2019 in our unit. A multivariate analysis was performed on risk factors for hospitalization. RESULTS: Median age was 27 years (15-64). All patients underwent conditioning as outpatients, and none required hospitalization before day 0. Thirteen patients (21.6%) were followed completely in the outpatient clinic and 47 (78.3%) required hospitalization in a median of 3 days after infusion (range, 1-14). The median length of stay (LOS) was 8 days (IQR, 3-17). Fever secondary to cytokine release syndrome (CRS) was the most common reason for hospitalization occurring in 43/47 (91.5%), 4 were related to infection and 36 were related to CRS. In the univariate analysis, CRS, slower engraftment, and female sex were associated with the need for hospitalization. In the multivariate analysis, only CRS remained significant (OR 9.14 [95%CI, 1.58-56.46]). The 2-year overall survival (OS) was 41.7% for ambulatory transplant vs. 38% for those requiring hospitalization (P = 0.12). The 2-year event-free survival (EFS) was 33% for outpatient patients and 16.7% for those hospitalized (log-rank, P = 0.062). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the feasibility and safety of carrying out an outpatient haplo-HSCT, potentially resulting in cost savings and perhaps a higher quality of life.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ocular cyclosporine in the prevention of the development of ocular graft versus host disease (oGVHD) in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) in comparison with historic data. DESIGN: We developed a longitudinal, observational, prospective nonrandomized study. We evaluated the feasibility of prophylactic use of topical cyclosporine A (CsA) to prevent or decrease the incidence of oGVHD and compared this with historic data. METHODS: Patients undergoing AHSCT were treated with prophylactic topical CsA for 12 months after engraftment, followed by serial ophthalmic evaluations, including the Schirmer test. RESULTS: Twenty patients were included. No serious adverse effects were reported. Poor adherence was documented in 15% of patients. In spite of observing extra-ocular GVHD (acute and chronic GVHD incidence of 50 and 45%, respectively), only 1 in 20 patients developed oGVHD over the 20-month follow-up for the entire cohort. No statistically significant difference was observed in the incidence of oGVHD when compared to a historical cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Topical CsA as a prophylactic measure for oGVHD, administered over a period of 1 year after grafting, is safe and feasible and may decrease the incidence of ophthalmic manifestations of GVHD. These findings must be confirmed in a randomized trial.

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BACKGROUND: Palliative care (PC) for patients with malignant hematological diseases is scarcely documented, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to document PC provided to patients with hematologic malignancies. METHODS: Bidirectional study conducted from July 2016 to June 2019 at the hematology and palliative care departments at a reference center in Northeast Mexico for low-income open population uninsured patients. Clinical records and electronic files of patients with malignant hematological diseases of both sexes and all ages attending an academic hematology center were reviewed. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS version 22 program. Acute and chronic leukemias, multiple myeloma, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and others were included. RESULTS: Five-hundred ten patients were studied, of which 148 (29%) died. Eighty-one (15.88%) patients including 31 (20.9%) who died received PC. Median age at palliative diagnosis was 42 (2-91) years. The most common symptom was pain (69.7%). The most frequent reason for palliative referral was treatment-refractory disease (39%). During the last week of life, 19 (95%) of 20 patients had blood sampling; 17 (85%) received antibiotics; 16 (80%) had a urinalysis performed; 16 (80%) received analgesia, including paracetamol (11, 35.5%) and buprenorphine (7, 22.6%); 10 (50%) received blood products; 9 (45%) were intubated; and central venous catheters were inserted in 5 (25%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Palliative care was provided to a minority of patients with hematologic malignancies and considerable improvement is required in its timely use and extension.

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BACKGROUND: Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is an effective treatment for patients with relapsing myeloma or lymphoma, diseases associated with unsuccessful peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection. Plerixafor is a potent mobilizing agent, allowing more CD34+ cells to be obtained; however, the main obstacle for its use is its high cost. Our aim was to demonstrate that of the use of reduced doses of plerixafor (RD-plerixafor) can be sufficient to collect at least 2 × 106 /Kg CD34+ PBSC in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) or lymphoma undergoing ASCT. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty patients were mobilized with filgrastim (10 µg/kg/4 days) plus a single dose of plerixafor 0.12 mg/kg in Day 4. Apheresis collection was performed on Day 5. One vial of plerixafor was used for two patients. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03244930. RESULTS: Cell mobilization and collection was successful in 85% of patients (≥2 × 106 CD34+ cells per kilogram). The median collected CD34+ cell count was 4.62 × 106 /kg (range, 1.27-24.5). A 4.1-fold-increase in the median CD34+ PBSC pre-count was observed (from 10.4/µl to 42.4/µl) after RD-plerixafor administration. Seven patients had mild to moderate adverse events. CONCLUSION: RD-plerixafor is an effective, safe, and affordable strategy to ensure adequate PBSC mobilization in patients with MM or lymphoma who undergo ASCT.

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BACKGROUND: Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) represents the only option with a potential cure rate of 30% to 50% in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS); however, < 5% of patients are optimal candidates for this management. Therapeutic options are limited in patients unsuitable for ASCT. Evidence that androgens might be beneficial in MDS is controversial. We aimed to document the clinical outcomes of patients diagnosed with MDS treated with danazol as first-line therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients diagnosed in our center with MDS according to the World Health Organization 2008 criteria and treated with danazol between 2005 and 2015. Response was defined according to international working group criteria. RESULTS: We included 42 patients treated exclusively with danazol. Median dose was 400 mg/d (range, 100-600 mg/d). Median follow-up was 12 (range, 3-76) months. Twenty-four of these patients (60%) achieved clinical response. Median overall survival was 24 months (95% confidence interval, 5.1-42). Responders were older than nonresponders (P = .025) and had higher baseline hemoglobin concentration (P = .009). No patients discontinued danazol because of toxicity. Fifteen patients died (35.7%) and 5 progressed to acute myeloid leukemia. CONCLUSION: Danazol as first-line therapy is an acceptable treatment option with low side effects for patients with MDS who cannot receive ASCT.

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Abstract Background: Reports dealing with clinical outcomes of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma in low- to middle-income countries are scarce and response to therapy is poorly documented. This report describes the characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma from a single institution in Latin America. Method: A retrospective study was conducted over ten years of patients with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma treated at a referral center. Progression-free and overall survival rates were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The univariate Cox regression model was used to estimate associations between important variables and clinical outcomes. Main results: One hundred and twenty-eight patients were analyzed. The mean age was 28.5 years. The five-year progression-free and overall survival were 37.3% and 78.9%, respectively. Of the whole group, 55 (43%) were primary refractory cases. Only 39/83 (47%) patients with advanced disease vs. 34/45 (75.6%) in early stages (p-value = 0.002) achieved complete remission. Those with advanced disease had a five-year overall survival of 68.7% vs. 91.8% for early disease (p-value = 0.132). Thirty-one patients relapsed (24.2%) and 20 (64.5%) received a transplant. The hazard ratio for progression with bone marrow infiltration was 2.628 (p-value = 0.037). For death, an International Prognostic Score ≥4 had a hazard ratio of 3.355 (p-value = 0.050) in univariate analysis. Two-thirds of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma patients diagnosed at advanced stages had a low progression-free survival but an overall survival similar to high-income countries. Conclusion: Patients diagnosed with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma in Northeastern Mexico had a significantly low progression-free survival rate and presented with advanced disease, underscoring the need for earlier diagnosis and improved contemporary therapeutic strategies in these mainly young productive-age Hodgkin's lymphoma patients.

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BACKGROUND: Reports dealing with clinical outcomes of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma in low- to middle-income countries are scarce and response to therapy is poorly documented. This report describes the characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma from a single institution in Latin America. METHOD: A retrospective study was conducted over ten years of patients with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma treated at a referral center. Progression-free and overall survival rates were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The univariate Cox regression model was used to estimate associations between important variables and clinical outcomes. MAIN RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-eight patients were analyzed. The mean age was 28.5 years. The five-year progression-free and overall survival were 37.3% and 78.9%, respectively. Of the whole group, 55 (43%) were primary refractory cases. Only 39/83 (47%) patients with advanced disease vs. 34/45 (75.6%) in early stages (p-value=0.002) achieved complete remission. Those with advanced disease had a five-year overall survival of 68.7% vs. 91.8% for early disease (p-value=0.132). Thirty-one patients relapsed (24.2%) and 20 (64.5%) received a transplant. The hazard ratio for progression with bone marrow infiltration was 2.628 (p-value=0.037). For death, an International Prognostic Score ≥4 had a hazard ratio of 3.355 (p-value=0.050) in univariate analysis. Two-thirds of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma patients diagnosed at advanced stages had a low progression-free survival but an overall survival similar to high-income countries. CONCLUSION: Patients diagnosed with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma in Northeastern Mexico had a significantly low progression-free survival rate and presented with advanced disease, underscoring the need for earlier diagnosis and improved contemporary therapeutic strategies in these mainly young productive-age Hodgkin's lymphoma patients.

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There is no information about XCL1 in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The objective of this study was to correlate the serum levels of XCL1 and survival in ALL patients. Only ALL patients older than 12 months were considered to participate. Serum XCL1 was measured at diagnosis, end of remission induction, and end of consolidation. Thirty-three ALL patients with median age of 21 years (1-78) were included. Higher XCL1 level (above 50 pg/mL) at ALL diagnosis correlated with higher survival (p = 0.038), whereas XCL1 level at end of induction and consolidation had no significant correlation. Concerning the behavior of serum XCL1 during treatment, higher survival at 5 years was observed in the group with progressively decreased levels of XCL1 (70%) than those with progressively increasing (29%) or no detectable XCL1 (14%). In conclusion, higher serum XCL1 levels at diagnosis and their progressive decline throughout chemotherapy could be correlated with higher survival.

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BACKGROUND: Survival for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) decreases with age. Patients across all age groups from a homogeneous ethnic and socioeconomic background were studied to document age effect. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed from 2005 to 2015 at a university hospital in Northeast Mexico were divided into 4 age groups: infants (< 1), children (≥ 1 to < 16), adolescents (≥ 16 to ≤ 20), and adults (> 20 years). Correlation between age at diagnosis and relapse-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) was investigated. RESULTS: A total of 377 patients were included. Five-year RFS and OS for children were 55.6% and 66.9%; for adolescents, 36.0% and 48.3%; for adults, 19.5% and 24.1%, respectively. Differences in RFS and OS between age groups were significant (P < .001, P < .001). In the Cox regression model, all age groups reached statistical significance in univariate analysis of mortality. CONCLUSION: Age plays a decisive role in clinical evolution of ALL and strongly influences outcome. Age older than 20 represents a progressive high-risk factor for death.

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