RESUMEN

This is a quantitative study of an 11-year-old boy diagnosed with major depression who in all but one session made a sandplay. A computerized system was used to analyse the written verbalizations on four dimensions of positive and negative: emotions, contracts (psychosocial agreements, relationships, etc.), performance (behaviour) and rewards. It was hypothesized that the verbalizations made by the patient (recorded by the therapist) would become more positive and less negative during the course of therapy. The positive and negative values of the four dimensions were correlated with the session number. This was supported on two (performance & contract) of the four positive dimensions (statistically significant). The hypothesis that the negative dimensions would become less negative was supported on all four dimensions (statistically significant). Thus, six of the eight hypotheses were supported. This uninvestigated area of research illustrates verbal interactions between patient and therapist were an important aspect of sandplay therapy. Through reanalysing the sessions for quantitative content, written recording of direct quotes and observation of behaviour, data was entered into a valid and reliable coding system to quantitatively analyze the verbalizations. This analysis of verbalizations of the patient and observations made by the therapist indicates sandplay therapy is multifaceted.

Il s'agit d'une étude quantitative d'un garçon de 11 ans avec une dépression sévère qui, dans toutes les séances à l'exception d'une, a fait un jeu de sable. Un système informatisé a été utilisé pour analyser les verbalisations écrites selon quatre dimensions de positif et négatif: les émotions, les contrats (les accords psychosociaux, les relations, etc.), la performance (le comportement) et les récompenses. L'hypothèse de départ est que les verbalisations faites par le patient (consignées par le thérapeute) deviendraient plus positives et moins négatives au fil de la thérapie. Les valeurs positives et négatives des quatre dimensions furent corrélées avec le numéro de la séance. L'hypothèse fut confirmée sur deux des quatre dimensions positives - de manière statistiquement significative - (la performance et le contrat). L'hypothèse que les dimensions négatives deviendraient moins négatives fut soutenue sur chacune des quatre dimensions. Ainsi, six des huit hypothèses ont été confirmées. Ce domaine peu étudié de la recherche illustre que les interactions verbales entre le patient et le thérapeute sont un aspect important de la thérapie du jeu de sable. En analysant de nouveau les séances pour le contenu quantitatif, l'enregistrement écrit de passages et d'observations de comportement, des données furent enregistrées dans un système de codification solide et fiable pour analyser quantitativement les verbalisations. L'analyse des verbalisations du patient et les observations faites par le thérapeute montrent que la thérapie du jeu de sable a plusieurs facettes.

El presente trabajo es un estudio cuantitativo de un niño de once años diagnosticado con depresión mayor, quien en todas las sesiones excepto en una, trabajó con la caja de arena. Un sistema computarizado fue utilizado para analizar las verbalizaciones escritas en cuatro dimensiones positivas y negativas: emociones, contratos (acuerdos psicosociales, relaciones, etc.), desempeño (conducta) y premios. Se hipotetizó que las verbalizaciones del paciente (grabadas por el terapeuta) devendrían más positivas y menos negativas en el curso de la terapia. Los valores positivos y negativos de las cuatro dimensiones fueron correlacionados con el número de sesión. Esto fue sostenido en dos (desempeño y contrato) de las cuatro dimensiones (estadísticamente significativo). La hipótesis de que las dimensiones negativas devendrían menos negativas fue corroborada en las cuatro dimensiones (estadísticamente significativo). De este modo, seis de las ocho hipótesis fueron corroboradas. Esta área de investigación - no investigada - ilustra que las interacciones verbales entre paciente y terapeuta fueron un aspecto importante de la terapia del juego de arena. Al analizar nuevamente las sesiones para el contenido cuantitativo, la data que contiene los registros escritos de citas directas y observaciones de conducta fue introducida en un sistema codificador válido para analizar cuantitativamente las verbalizaciones. El análisis de las verbalizaciones del paciente y de las observaciones hechas por el analista indican que la terapia del juego de arena es multifacética.

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The Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) aims to provide an evidence-based approach to administration, coding, and interpretation of the Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM). R-PAS analyzes individualized communications given by respondents to each card to code a wide pool of possible variables. Due to the large number of possible codes that can be assigned to these responses, it is important to consider the concordance rates among different assessors. This study investigated interrater reliability for R-PAS protocols. Data were analyzed from a nonpatient convenience sample of 50 participants who were recruited through networking, local marketing, and advertising efforts from January 2013 through October 2014. Blind recoding was used and discrepancies between the initial and blind coders' ratings were analyzed for each variable with SPSS yielding percent agreement and intraclass correlation values. Data for Location, Space, Contents, Synthesis, Vague, Pairs, Form Quality, Populars, Determinants, and Cognitive and Thematic codes are presented. Rates of agreement for 1,168 responses were higher for more simplistic coding (e.g., Location), whereas agreement was lower for more complex codes (e.g., Cognitive and Thematic codes). Overall, concordance rates achieved good to excellent agreement. Results suggest R-PAS is an effective method with high interrater reliability supporting its empirical basis.

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This study is composed of 37 American adolescents, ages 15 to 17 years of age, all from the United States. The principal author was the sole examiner. Inclusion criteria are described. Interrater reliability statistics at the response level are presented along with scores for the Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS; Exner, 2003). The results revealed differences from the published norms on variables that reflect poor form quality, fewer popular responses, more attention to detail, more poor human relationship responses, and a more simplistic, affective-free approach to the environment, among others.

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This study explored social distance and trait attribution and the relationship between the two variables in persons of four Southeast Asian ethnic groups. 100 Cambodians, 102 Hmong, 102 Laotians, and 101 Vietnamese in the United States were administered a modified Bogardus Social Distance Scale with respect to seven different ethnic groups (the other three Southeast Asian groups, African American, Hispanic, and White), and rated these other groups on 10 traits: friendly and likable, in good health, unattractive, law abiding, hardworking, loyal, peaceful, unfair and dishonest, unintelligent, and have good morals. Cambodians expressed willingness to have the closest social distance with Whites and Laotians and their trait attributions were more favorable for these two groups. Theoretical and practical implications were suggested.

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