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OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of UV radiation resistance-associated gene (UVRAG) on ferroptosis induced by sorafenib in leukemia K562 cells. METHODS: K562 cells were treated with 0, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 µmol/L sorafenib for 24 or 48 hours, and the cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay. Flow cytometry technology was used to detect the changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in K562 cells treated with 0, 5, and 10 µmol/L sorafenib for 24 hours. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of GPX4 in K562 cells treated with 0, 5, and 10 µmol/L sorafenib and pretreatment with ferroptosis inhibitor. A recombinant lentiviral vector was used to construct UVRAG overexpression cell line in K562 cells. qPCR and Western blot were used to verify UVRAG gene overexpression, and Western blot detected the effect of UVRAG on the protein expression of GPX4 and HMGB1 after treatment with sorafenib. RESULTS: Different concentrations of sorafenib could significantly inhibit the proliferation of K562 cells, and the cell viability gradually decreased with the increase of concentration (r 24 h=-0.9841, r 48 h=-0.9970). The level of ROS was increased (When the concentration was 10 µmol/L, P <0.001), while the expression of GPX4 protein was decreased in the process of 0, 5, 10 µmol/L sorafenib-induced K562 cell death (P <0.05), and the decrease in GPX4 protein could be partially reversed by pretreatment with ferroptosis inhibitor (P <0.05). Compared with NC group and NC-Sorafenib group, the expression of GPX4 protein was significantly decreased (both P <0.05), while HMGB1 protein was significantly increased (both P <0.05). CONCLUSION: Sorafenib can induce ferroptosis in K562 cells, and this process can be promoted by UVRAG.

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Cardiac MRI segmentation is a significant research area in medical image processing, holding immense clinical and scientific importance in assisting the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases. Currently, existing cardiac MRI segmentation algorithms are often constrained by specific datasets and conditions, leading to a notable decrease in segmentation performance when applied to diverse datasets. These limitations affect the algorithm's overall performance and generalization capabilities. Inspired by ConvNext, we introduce a two-dimensional cardiac MRI segmentation U-shaped network called ConvNextUNet. It is the first application of a combination of ConvNext and the U-shaped architecture in the field of cardiac MRI segmentation. Firstly, we incorporate up-sampling modules into the original ConvNext architecture and combine it with the U-shaped framework to achieve accurate reconstruction. Secondly, we integrate Input Stem into ConvNext, and introduce attention mechanisms along the bridging path. By merging features extracted from both the encoder and decoder, a probability distribution is obtained through linear and nonlinear transformations, serving as attention weights, thereby enhancing the signal of the same region of interest. The resulting attention weights are applied to the decoder features, highlighting the region of interest. This allows the model to simultaneously consider local context and global details during the learning phase, fully leveraging the advantages of both global and local perception for a more comprehensive understanding of cardiac anatomical structures. Consequently, the model demonstrates a clear advantage and robust generalization capability, especially in small-region segmentation. Experimental results on the ACDC, LVQuan19, and RVSC datasets confirm that the ConvNextUNet model outperforms the current state-of-the-art models, particularly in small-region segmentation tasks. Furthermore, we conducted cross-dataset training and testing experiments, which revealed that the pre-trained model can accurately segment diverse cardiac datasets, showcasing its powerful generalization capabilities. The source code of this project is available at https://github.com/Zemin-Cai/ConvNextUNet.

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The deployment of imaging examinations has evolved into a robust approach for the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis (LNM). The advancement of technology, coupled with the introduction of innovative imaging drugs, has led to the incorporation of an increasingly diverse array of imaging techniques into clinical practice. Nonetheless, conventional methods of administering imaging agents persist in presenting certain drawbacks and side effects. The employment of controlled drug delivery systems (DDSs) as a conduit for transporting imaging agents offers a promising solution to ameliorate these limitations intrinsic to metastatic lymph node (LN) imaging, thereby augmenting diagnostic precision. Within the scope of this review, we elucidate the historical context of LN imaging and encapsulate the frequently employed DDSs in conjunction with a variety of imaging techniques, specifically for metastatic LN imaging. Moreover, we engage in a discourse on the conceptualization and practical application of fusing diagnosis and treatment by employing DDSs. Finally, we venture into prospective applications of DDSs in the realm of LNM imaging and share our perspective on the potential trajectory of DDS development.

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Immunotherapy has emerged as a potent strategy in cancer treatment, with many approved drugs and modalities in the development stages. Despite its promise, immunotherapy is not without its limitations, including side effects and suboptimal efficacy. Using nanoparticles (NPs) as delivery vehicles to target immunotherapy to lymph nodes (LNs) can improve the efficacy of immunotherapy drugs and reduce side effects in patients. In this context, this paper reviews the development of LN-targeted immunotherapeutic NP strategies, the mechanisms of NP transport during LN targeting, and their related biosafety risks. NP targeting of LNs involves either passive targeting, influenced by NP physical properties, or active targeting, facilitated by affinity ligands on NP surfaces, while alternative methods, such as intranodal injection and high endothelial venule (HEV) targeting, have uncertain clinical applicability and require further research and validation. LN targeting of NPs for immunotherapy can reduce side effects and increase biocompatibility, but risks such as toxicity, organ accumulation, and oxidative stress remain, although strategies such as biodegradable biomacromolecules, polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating, and impurity addition can mitigate these risks. Additionally, this work concludes with a future-oriented discussion, offering critical insights into the field.

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Lymph node metastasis (LNM) significantly impacts the prognosis of cancer patients. Despite significant advancements in diagnostic techniques and treatment modalities, clinical challenges continue to persist in the realm of LNM. These include difficulties in early diagnosis, limited treatment efficacy, and potential side effects and injuries associated with treatment. Nanotheranostics, a field within nanotechnology, seamlessly integrates diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities. Its primary goal is to provide precise and effective disease diagnosis and treatment simultaneously. The development of nanotheranostics for LNM offers a promising solution for the stratified management of patients with LNM and promotes the advancement of personalized medicine. This review introduces the mechanisms of LNM and challenges in its diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, it demonstrates the advantages and development potential of nanotheranostics, focuses on the challenges nanotheranostics face in its application, and provides an outlook on future trends. We consider nanotheranostics a promising strategy to improve clinical effectiveness and efficiency as well as the prognosis of cancer patients with LNM.

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OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of UVRAG on mitophagy in leukemia cells K562. METHODS: K562 cells were induced with different concentrations of mitophagy inducer carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) for 6, 12 and 24 hours, and the cell viability was detected by the CCK-8 assay. K562 cells were divided into NC, UVRAG-siRNA, UVRAG-siRNA+CCCP, and CCCP group, while Western blot was used to detect the expression of UVRAG protein. Flow cytometry was used to detect the changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial structural integrity. The expressions of autophagy related proteins P62 and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with NC group, the expression of UVRAG protein in UVRAG -siRNA group significantly decreased (P<0.01). Compared with CCCP group, in UVRAG -siRNA+CCCP group ROS, mitochondrial structure damage, and the expression of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ decreased significantly (P<0.05, P<0.05, P<0.01), while the expression of P62 protein increased (P<0.05). Compared with NC group, the differences in the expressions of P62 and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ protein, ROS, and mitochondrial structural integrity in UVRAG -siRNA group were not obvious (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Under the treatment of CCCP, silencing UVRAG can inhibit mitophagy in K562 cells.

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Nowadays, with the increased numbers of video cameras, the amount of recorded video is growing. Efficient video browsing and retrieval are critical issues when considering the amount of raw video data to be condensed. Activity-based video synopsis is a popular approach to solving the video condensation problem. However, conventional synopsis methods always consists of complicated and pairwise energy terms that involve a time-consuming optimization problem. In this paper, we propose a simple online video synopsis framework in which the number of collisions of objects is classified first. Different optimization strategies are applied according to different collision situations to maintain a balance among the computational cost, condensation ratio, and collision cost. Secondly, tube-resizing coefficients that are dynamic in different frames are adaptively assigned to a newly generated tube. Therefore, a suitable mapping result can be obtained in order to represent the proper size of the activity in each frame of the synopsis video. The maximum number of activities can be displayed in one frame with minimal collisions. Finally, in order to remove motion anti-facts and improve the visual quality of the condensed video, a smooth term is introduced to constrain the resizing coefficients. Experimental results on extensive videos validate the efficiency of the proposed method.

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BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites have severe impact on human health, but few studies focus on their nephrotoxicity. This study was conceived to explore hub genes that may be involved in two hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers toxicities on impairment of adrenocortical secretory function. METHODS: Gene dataset was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Principal component analysis and correlation analysis were used to classify the samples. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened using the limma package in RStudio (version 4.1.0). Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Reactome enrichment analyses of DEGs were conducted. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established using STRING network, and genes were filtered by Cytoscape (version 3.8.2). Finally, the hub genes were integrated by plug-in CytoHubba and RobustRankAggreg, and were preliminarily verified by the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). RESULTS: GSE8588 dataset was selected in this study. About 190 upregulated and 224 downregulated DEGs in 2-OH-BDE47 group, and 244 upregulated and 276 downregulated DEGs in 2-OH-BDE85 group. Functional enrichment analyses in the GO, KEGG and Reactome indicated the potential involvement of DEGs in endocrine metabolism, oxidative stress mechanisms, regulation of abnormal cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA damage and repair. 2-OH-BDE85 is more cytotoxic in a dose-dependent manner than 2-OH-BDE47. A total of 98 hub genes were filtered, and 91 nodes and 359 edges composed the PPI network. Besides, 9 direct-acting genes were filtered for the intersection of hub genes by CTD. CONCLUSIONS: OH-PBDEs may induce H295R adrenocortical cancer cells in the disorder of endocrine metabolism, regulation of abnormal cell proliferation, DNA damage and repair. The screened hub genes may play an important role in this dysfunction.

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Background: Vaccination is the most effective method for the prevention of COVID-19. However, willingness to be vaccinated is not consistent. This study aimed to explore vaccine cognition, risk perception, and health behavior of COVID-19 in China. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed in Guangdong province, China, including demographic characteristics, health status and preventive behaviors, cognition of COVID-19 vaccination, and the health belief model (HBM). Results: A total of 1640 participants were recruited. The main access to information about COVID-19 and vaccination as through official news and broadcasts (67.3%), social network software (58.7%), and professional popularization (46.2%). The precautions taken were wearing a mask (67.0%) and avoiding gathering together (71.3%). COVID-19 vaccination acceptability was different among different age groups and educational levels (p < 0.001). The major reasons for accepting vaccination included that it was an effective way to prevent COVID-19 (61.8%) and that it was required by working units/schools (51.1%). The fitting effect indexes of the (HBM) Model 2 showed better fitting than those of Model 1. In Model 2, perceived benefits (OR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.79−5.47), cues to action (OR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.60−3.11), and different occupations (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04−1.23) were positively correlated with vaccine acceptance; while perceived susceptibility (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.30−0.74) and perceived barriers (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.29−0.69) were negative factors associated with vaccine acceptance. Conclusion: Different sociodemographic characteristics lead to differences in acceptance of vaccination, and the publicity and credibility of government play an indispensable role in epidemic control. The establishment of the HBM further predicted that perceived susceptibility to COVID-19, benefits of vaccination, barriers of cognition, and cue to action were the influencing factors of intention and health behaviors.

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Objective@#To understand health literacy and its associated factors among middle school students in Shenzhen, to provide scientific basis for further formulating targeted intervention measures.@*Methods@#From October to December, 2019, 7 423 middle school students in 10 districts of Shenzhen were selected by multistage stratified random cluster sampling. Multivariate linear regression was used to analyze factors affecting health literacy and scores in each dimensions.@*Results@#The total score for health literacy was(107.39±22.31), including physical activity(16.81±5.28), interpersonal relationship(20.69±4.10), stress management(21.64±5.53), spiritual growth(14.93±3.96), health awareness (15.61±4.96) and nutrition(17.71±4.65). According to the multivariate linear regression analysis, girls, general and vocational high schools, educational level of parents and boarding in school were significantly associated with health literacy of middle school students( B=-3.04, -7.72, -9.99, 1.56, 2.78, -3.85, P < 0.05 ).@*Conclusion@#Middle school students in Shenzhen have a high level of health literacy, which is related to school type and parental educational background. It is suggested that measures should be taken to improve the health literacy of middle school students.

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BACKGROUND: Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) affects patients' quality of life, yet there have been few reports of its morphology and epidemiological study in the southeast region of China. The aim of this study is to access the curve characteristics, prevalence, and factors associated with IS in Chaozhou city. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 2018, in which scoliosis screening was conducted among 5497 primary school students in Chaozhou city. Then, a case-control study based on the screening involving 2547 children was followed for the exploration of the associated factors. The questionnaires covering demographic characteristics, postural habits, cognition and self-sensation of scoliosis, and physical conditions were addressed for the investigation. ORs with 95%CIs were calculated based on logistic regression analysis to evaluate the factors associated with scoliosis. RESULTS: The prevalence of IS among primary school students was 6.15% in Chaozhou city, with 4.04% for males and 8.71% for females. The average Cobb angle was 15° (range 8 to 37°). Multiple logistic regression analysis suggested that female (OR=2.45), BMI (OR=0.67), having myopia (OR=1.49), self-sensation of scoliosis with symptoms (OR=5.52), insufficient sleep time (OR=2.65, 3.33), and less exercise time (OR=7.09, 7.29) were significantly associated with IS. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of IS among primary school students in Chaozhou was at an average level, and it was significantly higher in females than in males. Lower body mass, having myopia, insufficient sleep time, and lower physical activity were associated with IS.

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The vascular endothelium, which plays an essential role in maintaining the normal shape and function of blood vessels, is a natural barrier between the circulating blood and the vascular wall tissue. The endothelial damage can cause vascular lesions, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. After the vascular intima injury, the body starts the endothelial repair (re-endothelialization) to inhibit the neointimal hyperplasia. Endothelial progenitor cell is the precursor of endothelial cells and plays an important role in the vascular re-endothelialization. However, re-endothelialization is inevitably affected in vivo and in vitro by factors, which can be divided into two types, namely, promotion and inhibition, and act on different links of the vascular re-endothelialization. This article reviews these factors and related mechanisms.

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BACKGROUND: The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has seriously affected people's life. The main aim of our investigation was to determine the interactive effects of disease awareness on coping style among Chinese residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A total of 616 Chinese residents from 28 provinces were recruited to participate in this investigation. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic characteristics, cognition of COVID-19, and disease-related stress sources. Coping styles were assessed via the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ). RESULTS: The survey showed that the main source of information on COVID-19 was different in relation to gender, age, educational level, and occupation (p < 0.001). People's knowledge of the disease, preventive measures, and stress factors were different in relation to demographic characteristics (p < 0.001). Compared with the baseline values, the scores of positive coping and negative coping based on SCSQ in relation to gender, age, educational level, and occupation were statistically significant (p < 0.001, except for participants older than 60 years). Different educational levels corresponded to statistical significant differences in positive coping (p = 0.004) but not in negative coping. CONCLUSIONS: During the pandemic, people with different characteristics had different levels of preventive measures' awareness, which influenced their coping styles. Therefore, during public health emergencies, knowledge of prevention and control measures should be efficiently provided to allow more effective coping styles.

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which is caused by the interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors such as second-hand smoke (SHS). The association between postnatal exposure to SHS and ADHD risk in children was still inconclusive. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the definite association. We searched for relevant studies from PubMed, Embase, Ovid, and Web of Science databases up to January 2020. We used random effect models to calculate pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analyses and sensitive analyses were also performed to solve the heterogeneity. According to our inclusion criteria, 9 studies including 6 cross-sectional studies, 2 cohort studies, and 1 case-control study were included in the final analysis. Postnatal exposure to SHS increased the risk of ADHD in children (OR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.37-1.87). Children who exposed to SHS were found a slight risk for conduct problems (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.00-1.77). Among the studies which used cotinine as a biomarker for SHS exposure, a lower pooled OR (OR = 1.16, 95%CI = 1.01, 1.33) was observed between cotinine and ADHD in children. Our meta-analysis results suggested that SHS exposure may be a risk factor for ADHD. We also found that SHS exposure may be associated with some adverse behavioral outcomes. More prospective studies should be conducted to confirm the relationship between SHS exposure and ADHD in children.

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used flame retardants, and their residue in the environment may threaten the ecosystem and human health. The neurodevelopmental toxic effects of PBDEs have been verified in previous studies, but the mechanisms are still unclear. Behavioral analysis and transcriptomics were performed in this study to assess the neurodevelopmental toxic effects of PBDEs on zebrafish embryos and larvae, and the potential mechanisms. The embryos were collected after fertilization and exposed to control (0.05% DMSO), 10, 50, 100 (ug/L) 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) for 7 days. The locomotion parameters of larvae were recorded and analyzed by a behavioral analysis system (EthoVision XT, Noldus). Enrichment of functions and signaling pathways of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed by GO and DAVID database. The comparison with the control group showed adverse developments such as low hatching rate, high mortality rate, alterative heart rate, and abnormal spontaneous tail coiling frequency of embryos (24hpf). For the zebrafish larvae, behavioral analyses results suggested decreased activities and movements of the treatment in the light-dark period at 120, 144 and 168hpf, especially the 50 and 100µg/L groups. The affected functions included steroid hormone regulation, neuro regulation, circadian regulation, cardioblast differentiation, immune-related regulation. The enrichment of KEGG pathways were Hedgehog signaling (Shh), Toll-like receptor signaling, FoxO signaling, and Steroid biosynthesis pathway. Hedgehog signaling pathway was further verified via RT-qPCR for its major role in the development of neurogenesis. The mRNA levels of Shh pathway indicated the inhibition of Shh signal in our study since shha, patched1, gli1 and gli2 genes were significantly down-regulated. In summary, PBDEs might influence the neurodevelopment of zebrafish in the early life stage by multiple toxic signaling pathways alteration.

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Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease accompanied by complex pathological changes, such as endothelial dysfunction, foam cell formation, and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Many approaches, including regulating AS-related gene expression in the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level, contribute to alleviating AS development. The DNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic modification in regulating cell function by silencing the relative gene expression. The microRNA (miRNA) is a type of noncoding RNA that plays an important role in gene post-transcriptional regulation and disease development. The DNA methylation and the miRNA are important epigenetic factors in AS. However, recent studies have found a mutual regulation between these two factors in AS development. In this study, recent insights into the roles of miRNA and DNA methylation and their interaction in the AS progression are reviewed.

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BACKGROUND: The outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) might affect the psychological health of population, especially medical workers. We aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on emotional and cognitive responses and behavioral coping among Chinese residents. METHODS: An online investigation was run from 5 February to 25 February 2020, which recruited a total of 616 Chinese residents. Self-designed questionnaires were used to collect demographic information, epidemic knowledge and prevention of COVID-19 and characteristics of medical workers. The emotional and cognitive responses were assessed via the Symptom Check List-30 (SCL-30) and Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Behavioral coping was assessed via Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ). RESULTS: In total, 131 (21.3%) medical workers and 485 (78.7%) members of the general public completed the structured online survey. The structural equation models showed that emotional response interacted with cognitive response, and both emotional response and cognitive response affected the behavioral coping. Multivariate regression showed that positive coping enhanced emotional and cognitive responses, while negative coping reduced emotional and cognitive responses. The emotional response (depression, anxiety and photic anxiety) scores of the participants were higher than the norm (all p < 0.001); in particular, the panic scores of members of the general public were higher than those of medical workers (p < 0.05), as well as the cognitive response (paranoia and compulsion). Both positive and negative coping scores of the participants were lower than the norm (p < 0.001), and the general public had higher negative coping than medical workers (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: During the preliminary stage of COVID-19, our study confirmed the significance of emotional and cognitive responses, which were associated with behavioral coping and significantly influenced the medical workers and the general public's cognition and level of public health emergency preparedness. These results emphasize the importance of psychological health at times of widespread crisis.

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BACKGROUND: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known xenobiotic endocrine disrupting chemical, with estrogenic activity and many other potential biological effects. Although multiple toxicities have been reported for BPA, molecular mechanisms underlying the transgenerational toxic effects of BPA are still underestimated. METHODS: Parental F0 fish were exposed to 1.0 µM BPA or control (0.1% DMSO, v/v) for 7 days. Eggs (F1) were collected and kept in control medium until 4.5 or 120 h post fertilization (hpf). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was conducted on embryos and larvae, to discover differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and then KEGG pathway, GO enrichment and GSEA were performed to interpret functional ontology. Histopathology was performed to explore the morphological and structural alterations in liver tissues of zebrafish larvae (120 hpf) after parental BPA exposure. RESULTS: Parental BPA exposure induced global transcriptomic changes in zebrafish embryos and larvae. For embryos, epigenetic regulation genes were decidedly affected, highlighted epigenotoxicity might involve in the transgenerational effects during embryogenesis and early development. By further investigation on its delayed effects, our RNA-Seq data of larvae suggested ROS metabolic process, apoptosis, p53 and MAPK signaling pathway were concentrated, indicating defensive cellular processes still involved in protecting against BPA toxicity. Furthermore, parental BPA-treated larvae manifested hepatic injury by histopathological analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Parental BPA exposure led to global transcriptomic changes involved in epigenetic regulation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and DNA damage of offspring. These findings advanced the field of the parental-mediated subsequent generational toxic effects of BPA.

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OBJECT: To study the outcomes of GnRHa on final adult height in Chinese idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) girls and the involved factor(s) that can predict height gain. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis on 10 years of data obtained from three clinical hospitals from January 2005 to March 2015, and 101 girls with ICPP, who received GnRHa therapy for more than six months and already reached their adult height were enrolled. RESULTS: Height, bone age, midparent height, HtSDS, sexual development, therapy duration and predicted adult height(PAH)at start and end of GnRHa, and the final adult height(FAH) were recorded and calculated. Their PAH significantly increased at end of GnRHa (158.4±6.00cm), compared to that at the start of GnRHa(153.1±5.37cm) (P<0.001), and their final adult height(157.0±4.82) significantly increased compared to PAH at start of GnRHa(P<0.001). There was no difference between PAH at end of GnRHa and FAH(P>0.05). After GnRHa therapy, most of the ICPP girls reached their midparent height compared to that at start of GnRHa(P<0.01). FAH was positively correlated with Ht at start, and end of GnRHa, PAH at start and end of GnRHa, and also with midparent height (R2 =0.59, 0.74, 0.68, 0.73 and 0.80, P<0.001). While FAH was not correlated with the duration of treatment and BA at start of GnRHa(R2 = 0.15and 0.1, P>0.05). The percentage of adult short stature decreased and those reached midparent height significantly increased after GnRHa therapy, compared to that at start of GnRHa(60.6% vs.30.4% and 67.85% vs. 94.64%, respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: GnRHa therapy to ICPP girls can effectively achieve the final adult height. After GnRHa therapy, most of these patients reached their midparent height, while few of these patients had an adult short stature.