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Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a complex, multisystemic vascular dysplasia affecting approximately 85,000 European Citizens. In 2016, eight founding centres operating within 6 countries, set up a working group dedicated to HHT within what became the European Reference Network on Rare Multisystemic Vascular Diseases. By launch, combined experience exceeded 10,000 HHT patients, and Chairs representing 7 separate specialties provided a median of 24 years' experience in HHT. Integrated were expert patients who focused discussions on the patient experience. Following a 2016-2017 survey to capture priorities, and underpinned by more than 40 monthly meetings, and new data acquisitions, VASCERN HHT generated position statements that distinguish expert HHT care from non-expert HHT practice. Leadership was by specialists in the relevant sub-discipline(s), and 100% consensus was required amongst all clinicians before statements were published or disseminated. One major set of outputs targeted all healthcare professionals and their HHT patients, and include the new Orphanet definition; Do's and Don'ts for common situations; Outcome Measures suitable for all consultations; COVID-19; and anticoagulation. The second output set span aspects of vascular pathophysiology where greater understanding will assist organ-specific specialist clinicians to provide more informed care to HHT patients. These cover cerebral vascular malformations and screening; mucocutaneous telangiectasia and differential diagnosis; anti-angiogenic therapies; circulatory interplays between anaemia and arteriovenous malformations; and microbiological strategies to counteract loss of normal pulmonary capillary function. Overall, the integrated outputs, and documented current practices, provide frameworks for approaches that augment the health and safety of HHT patients in diverse health-care settings.

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Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disease with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 5000 that is characterized by the presence of vascular malformations (VMs). These result in chronic bleeding, acute hemorrhage, and complications from shunting through VMs. The goal of the Second International HHT Guidelines process was to develop evidence-based consensus guidelines for the management and prevention of HHT-related symptoms and complications. The guidelines were developed using the AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II) framework and GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology. The guidelines expert panel included expert physicians (clinical and genetic) in HHT from 15 countries, guidelines methodologists, health care workers, health care administrators, patient advocacy representatives, and persons with HHT. During the preconference process, the expert panel generated clinically relevant questions in 6 priority topic areas. A systematic literature search was done in June 2019, and articles meeting a priori criteria were included to generate evidence tables, which were used as the basis for recommendation development. The expert panel subsequently convened during a guidelines conference to conduct a structured consensus process, during which recommendations reaching at least 80% consensus were discussed and approved. The expert panel generated and approved 6 new recommendations for each of the following 6 priority topic areas: epistaxis, gastrointestinal bleeding, anemia and iron deficiency, liver VMs, pediatric care, and pregnancy and delivery (36 total). The recommendations highlight new evidence in existing topics from the first International HHT Guidelines and provide guidance in 3 new areas: anemia, pediatrics, and pregnancy and delivery. These recommendations should facilitate implementation of key components of HHT care into clinical practice.

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BACKGROUND: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a rare vascular dysplasia resulting in visceral arteriovenous malformations and smaller mucocutaneous telangiectasia. Most patients experience recurrent nosebleeds and become anemic without iron supplementation. However, thousands may require anticoagulation for conditions such as venous thromboembolism and/or atrial fibrillation. Over decades, tolerance data has been published for almost 200 HHT-affected users of warfarin and heparins, but there are no published data for the newer direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in HHT. METHODS: To provide such data, a retrospective audit was conducted across the eight HHT centres of the European Reference Network for Rare Multisystemic Vascular Diseases (VASCERN), in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and the UK. RESULTS: Although HHT Centres had not specifically recommended the use of DOACs, 32 treatment episodes had been initiated by other clinicians in 28 patients reviewed at the Centres, at median age 65 years (range 30-84). Indications were for atrial fibrillation (16 treatment episodes) and venous thromboembolism (16 episodes). The 32 treatment episodes used Apixaban (n = 15), Rivaroxaban (n = 14), and Dabigatran (n = 3). HHT nosebleeds increased in severity in 24/32 treatment episodes (75%), leading to treatment discontinuation in 11 (34.4%). Treatment discontinuation was required for 4/15 (26.7%) Apixaban episodes and 7/14 (50%) Rivaroxaban episodes. By a 4 point scale of increasing severity, there was a trend for Rivaroxaban to be associated with a greater bleeding risk both including and excluding patients who had used more than one agent (age-adjusted coefficients 0.61 (95% confidence intervals 0.11, 1.20) and 0.74 (95% confidence intervals 0.12, 1.36) respectively. Associations were maintained after adjustment for gender and treatment indication. Extreme hemorrhagic responses, worse than anything experienced previously, with individual nosebleeds lasting hours requiring hospital admissions, blood transfusions and in all cases treatment discontinuation, occurred in 5/14 (35.7%) Rivaroxaban episodes compared to 3/15 (20%) Apixaban episodes and published rates of ~ 5% for warfarin and heparin. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, conventional heparin and warfarin remain first choice anticoagulants in HHT. If newer anticoagulants are considered, although study numbers are small, at this stage Apixaban appears to be associated with lesser bleeding risk than Rivaroxaban.

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The fifth section of the Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS) of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) assesses the evidence for all the categories of endoscopic ultrasound-guided treatment reported to date. Celiac plexus neurolysis and block, vascular intervention, drainage of fluid collections, drainage of biliary and pancreatic ducts, and experimental tumor ablation techniques are discussed. For each topic, all current evidence has been extensively analyzed and summarized into major recommendations for reader consultation (short version; the long version is published online).

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The fourth part of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound describes general aspects of endoscopic ultrasound-guided diagnostic and therapeutic interventions and assesses the evidence for endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling. Endoscopic ultrasound combines the most advanced high-resolution ultrasound imaging of lesions within the wall and in the vicinity of the gastrointestinal tract and safe and effective fine needle-based tissue acquisition from these lesions. The guideline addresses the indications, contraindications, techniques, adverse events, training and clinical impact of EUS-guided sampling. Advantages and drawbacks are weighed in comparison with image-guided percutaneous biopsy. Based on the most current evidence, clinical practice recommendations are given for crucial preconditions and steps of EUS-guided sampling as well as for safe performance. Additionally, the guideline deals with the principles and reliability of cytopathological reporting in endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling (short version; the long version is published online).

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The third part of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound assesses the evidence for ultrasound-guided and assisted interventions in abdominal treatment procedures. Recommendations for clinical practice are presented covering indications, contraindications, safety and efficacy of the broad variety of these techniques. In particular, drainage of abscesses and fluid collections, interventional tumor ablation techniques, interventional treatment of symptomatic cysts and echinococcosis, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage, percutaneous gastrostomy, urinary bladder drainage, and nephrostomy are addressed (short version; a long version is published online).

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The fourth part of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound describes general aspects of endoscopic ultrasound-guided diagnostic and therapeutic interventions and assesses the evidence for endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling. Endoscopic ultrasound combines the most advanced high-resolution ultrasound imaging of lesions within the wall and in the vicinity of the gastrointestinal tract and safe and effective fine needle based tissue acquisition from these lesions. The guideline addresses the indications, contraindications, techniques, adverse events, training and clinical impact of EUS-guided sampling. Advantages and drawbacks are weighed in comparison with image-guided percutaneous biopsy. Based on the most current evidence, clinical practice recommendations are given for crucial preconditions and steps of EUS-guided sampling as well as for safe performance. Additionally, the guideline deals with the principles and reliability of cytopathological reporting in endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling (long version).

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The third part of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS) assesses the evidence for ultrasound-guided and assisted interventions in abdominal treatment procedures. Recommendations for clinical practice are presented covering indications, contraindications, and safe and effective performance of the broad variety of these techniques. In particular, drainage of abscesses and fluid collections, interventional tumor ablation techniques, interventional treatment of symptomatic cysts and echinococcosis, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage, percutaneous gastrostomy, urinary bladder drainage, and nephrostomy are addressed (long version).

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The fifth section of the Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS) of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) assesses the evidence for all the categories of endoscopic ultrasound-guided treatment reported to date. Celiac plexus neurolysis and block, vascular intervention, drainage of fluid collections, drainage of biliary and pancreatic ducts, and experimental tumor ablation techniques are discussed. For each topic, all current evidence has been extensively analyzed and summarized into major recommendations for reader consultation in clinical practice (long version).

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Liver transplantation (LT) in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), or Rendu-Osler-Weber, disease is a problematic procedure. In patients with hepatic involvement due to clinically significant arterovenous malformations, there is high risk of intraoperative bleeding and intra- or perioperative complications. Some surgical corrections have been proposed for venous problems, concerning the vena caval anastomosis. A common finding in HHT is arterial enlargement of the celiac trunk and of the common hepatic artery. We report 2 cases of LT in HHT where the arterial anastomosis was successfully performed using the splenic artery of the recipient, which shows less tendency for enlargement than the celiac trunk.

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BACKGROUND: HHT is an autosomal dominant disease with an estimated prevalence of at least 1/5000 which can frequently be complicated by the presence of clinically significant arteriovenous malformations in the brain, lung, gastrointestinal tract and liver. HHT is under-diagnosed and families may be unaware of the available screening and treatment, leading to unnecessary stroke and life-threatening hemorrhage in children and adults. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this international HHT guidelines process was to develop evidence-informed consensus guidelines regarding the diagnosis of HHT and the prevention of HHT-related complications and treatment of symptomatic disease. METHODS: The overall guidelines process was developed using the AGREE framework, using a systematic search strategy and literature retrieval with incorporation of expert evidence in a structured consensus process where published literature was lacking. The Guidelines Working Group included experts (clinical and genetic) from eleven countries, in all aspects of HHT, guidelines methodologists, health care workers, health care administrators, HHT clinic staff, medical trainees, patient advocacy representatives and patients with HHT. The Working Group determined clinically relevant questions during the pre-conference process. The literature search was conducted using the OVID MEDLINE database, from 1966 to October 2006. The Working Group subsequently convened at the Guidelines Conference to partake in a structured consensus process using the evidence tables generated from the systematic searches. RESULTS: The outcome of the conference was the generation of 33 recommendations for the diagnosis and management of HHT, with at least 80% agreement amongst the expert panel for 30 of the 33 recommendations.

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Autoimmune pancreatitis is a form of pancreatitis with autoimmune stigmata that may present as either focal or diffuse gland involvement. In focal forms, autoimmune pancreatitis shares demographic, clinical, biochemical and imaging features with pancreatic cancer. Since autoimmune pancreatitis is a benign disease and steroid therapy can rapidly resolve symptoms, improve radiological findings and avoid unnecessary surgery, the current clinical challenge is how to differentiate autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic neoplasia. Even though definitive diagnosis of the disease is difficult, several diagnostic criteria have been proposed and progress has been made in imaging studies. The management of this unique form of pancreatitis should, therefore, be handled in centres with knowledge of all aspects of the disease. This article briefly reviews clinical aspects of autoimmune pancreatitis with a focus on its diagnostic imaging and management.

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AIMS: To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of contrast echocardiography (CE) as compared with CT, for the screening of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT); to evaluate the clinical significance of semi-quantitative analysis of a shunt on CE. METHODS AND RESULTS: A blinded prospective study was conducted in 190 consecutive subjects at risk of HHT who underwent screening for PAVMs, including clinical evaluation, pulse oximetry, standard and CE, and chest multirow CT without contrast medium. A semi-quantitative analysis of the shunt size was performed according to the contrast echo opacification of the left-sided chambers: Grade 0, no bubbles; 1, occasional filling with <20 bubbles; 2, moderate filling; 3, complete opacification. The first 100 patients were compared with 100 controls. A total of 119 (63%) patients had positive CE (32.2% Grade 1, 13.1% Grade 2, 11% Grade 3, 6.3% with patent foramen ovale). The overall diagnostic performance of CE was sensitivity 1.00, specificity 0.49, positive predictive value (PPV) 0.32, negative predictive value (NPV) 1.00. The PPV for the different grades was 0.00 for Grade 1, 0.56 for Grade 2, 1.00 for Grade 3; the NPV of Grade 0 was 1.00. A significant correlation was found between the CE grading and the number of PAVM, and complications (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: CE is an extremely sensitive procedure for the detection of PAVMs with substantial clinical impact.

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Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) was carried out in seven patients with chronic watery diarrhea (three men; age range 68 - 84 years) to find the correspondence between CLE and histological findings in collagenous colitis. On the basis of the CLE images, two to five biopsies were performed in various segments of the colon. The endoscopic and histological diagnoses of collagenous colitis were made blindly. The quality of the CLE images was quantified from 0 (the endoscopist could not visualize the corresponding histologic equivalent) to 3 (the endoscopist could identify >or= 80 % of the corresponding histologic equivalent). Four out of seven patients had histological findings of collagenous colitis. Correspondence between histology and CLE images yielded the following scores: 3 for epithelial architecture, 3 for goblet cells, 3 for vessels, and 2 for inflammatory infiltrate. In collagenous colitis patients, CLE identified a well-defined "shell" around the crypts, corresponding to the increase in the thickness of the subepithelial collagenous plate evidenced by histology. CLE appears to be a promising means of identifying typical collagenous colitis features.

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BACKGROUND: Bowel ultrasonography is increasingly used in the detection and follow-up of patients with Crohn's disease, but a limitation to its further diffusion is the lack of standardisation of ultrasonography parameters. AIMS: This study aimed to standardise the most common bowel ultrasonography parameters in order to develop an unequivocal imaging interpretation and to assess bowel ultrasonography reproducibility. PATIENTS: Twenty patients with Crohn's disease were examined. METHODS: Six ultrasonographers (mean bowel ultrasonography experience=16 years) performed the study. They chose and discussed a common assessment methodology concerning eight ultrasonography parameters: bowel wall thickness, bowel wall pattern, bowel wall blood flow, enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes, mesenteric hypertrophy, abdominal free fluid, and stenosis or fistulae at four preliminary meetings. The day of the study operators were randomised to two rooms where they independently and in turn performed ultrasonography scans. Interobserver agreement was scored by kappa statistics. RESULTS: Excellent k values were observed for bowel wall thickness (0.72-1). k Values were poor for bowel wall pattern (-0.22-0.85) and good for bowel wall blood flow (0.53-0.89). The presence of lymph nodes was reproducible (0.56-0.90) except in one case (0.25). Concordance on free fluid was excellent (0.85-1), whereas that on mesenteric hypertrophy was generally poor (0.14-0.69). Agreement was excellent for stenosis (0.81-1) whereas that for fistula was fair in room abscesses (0.31-0.48) and very good in room B (0.87-1). CONCLUSION: Bowel ultrasonography signs used in Crohn's disease can be standardised as most of them showed a fair to good reproducibility. In particular, bowel wall thickness, the most relevant parameter for Crohn's disease detection, showed an excellent reproducibility.

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PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to illustrate the benefits of percutaneous treatment by embolisation of high-flow pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVM) in patients suffering from hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT; Rendu-Osler-Weber disease). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From December 2001 to February 2007, we embolised 60 PAVMS in 35 procedures performed on 30 patients, all referred by the HHT centre in Crema, and enrolled in a screening programme of HHT families. All patients underwent clinical evaluation, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and spiral computed tomography (CT). Embolisation was made with nonmagnetic metallic coils via femoral venous access; an endovascular Amplatzer device was used in one patient only. RESULTS: All embolisations were performed without difficulty. One patient only developed partial temporary aphasia, which resolved in 72 H. At spiral-CT follow-up, we generally demonstrated exclusion from circulation of treated PAVMS and regression of clinical symptoms. In the case of new lesions or recanalisation, further embolisation was possible: CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous embolisation has recently become the initial treatment option in PAVM owing to its good results and minimal invasiveness compared with thoracotomy. Our experience is in agreement with the literature: the procedure has a low complication rate, provides very good technical and clinical results and avoids resection of healthy pulmonary parenchyma.

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Duodenal confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) was carried out in six patients to compare the findings with histology. The visibility and quality of the endomicroscopy images were quantified using the following score: 0 = none; 1 = poor; 2 = fair; 3 = good. Four patients had a normal duodenal mucosa, whereas two patients in whom CLE indicated villous atrophy showed histologic features typical of celiac disease. Histology and CLE images were similar in both normal and celiac disease patients; patients with celiac disease had an average score of 3 for epithelial architecture, 3 for goblet cells, 3 for vessels, 1 for inflammatory infiltrate, and 2 for crypt visibility.

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BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasonography, both conventional and interventional, has been used increasingly during the past 20 years and is deemed a safe technique. Its complication rate, however, has been studied to only a limited extent. This multicentre investigation sought to establish the complication rate for a large number of endoscopic ultrasonography procedures. METHODS: By means of a questionnaire, we collected data from six centres on the number of endoscopic ultrasonography examinations performed and divided them into conventional and interventional examinations of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Information was obtained on technical modalities such as instruments and sedation and, for interventional endoscopic ultrasonography, indications, pre-procedural exams and technical details (needle calibre, number of passes) had to be specified. Complications were classified as mild, moderate, severe or fatal and their onset as immediate, early or late. Variables that entered into the analysis of complication rate included type of endoscopic ultrasonography instrument used, type and site of lesion biopsied, number of needle passes and operator experience. RESULTS: Eleven thousand five hundred thirty nine endoscopic ultrasonographic procedures were reported, of which 10,731 were conventional and 808 interventional. No deaths occurred; there were 14 (0.12%) complications, 5 (0.046%) of them following conventional endoscopic ultrasonography and 9 (1.11%) after interventional endoscopic ultrasonography. Seven complications were mild, four moderate and three severe. CONCLUSIONS: Both conventional and interventional endoscopic ultrasonography were confirmed to be acceptably safe techniques.

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Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia is a genetic disease characterised by the presence of teleangiectases virtually involving every organ. Hepatic involvement is represented by a spectrum of vascular abnormalities, which evolve in a continuum from tiny teleangiectases to substantial vascular malformations, potentially with a progressively greater arteriovenous shunt. Liver involvement in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia is almost always asymptomatic; on the other hand, hepatic vascular malformations can induce severe complications, depending on the predominant venous side of the arteriovenous fistulas-high-output cardiac failure in the case of hepatohepatic fistulas, and portal hypertension in the case of hepatoportal fistulas. Doppler sonography can detect and stage hepatic vascular malformations in subjects with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia; according to Doppler sonographic grading, appropriate advice for follow-up and/or therapy can be given.

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