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In the present study, we sought to develop materials applicable to personal and collective protection equipment to mitigate SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, AgNPs were synthesized and stabilized into electrospinning nanofiber matrices (NMs) consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), chitosan (CHT), and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL). Uniaxial nanofibers of PVA and PVA/CHT were developed, as well as coaxial nanofibers of PCL[PVA/CHT], in which the PCL works as a shell and the blend as a core. A crucial aspect of the present study is the in situ synthesis of AgNPs using PVA as a reducing and stabilizing agent. This process presents few steps, no additional toxic reducing agents, and avoids the postloading of drugs or the posttreatment of NM use. In general, the in situ synthesized AgNPs had an average size of 11.6 nm, and the incorporated nanofibers had a diameter in the range of 300 nm, with high uniformity and low polydispersity. The NM's spectroscopic, thermal, and mechanical properties were appropriate for the intended application. Uniaxial (PVA/AgNPs and PVA/CHT/AgNPs) and coaxial (PCL[PVA/CHT/AgNPs]) NMs presented virucidal activity (log's reduction ≥ 5) against mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-3) genus Betacoronavirus strains. In addition to that, the NMs did not present cytotoxicity against fibroblast cells (L929 ATCC® CCL-1TM lineage).
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ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate preschoolers' cognitive-linguistic performance in different educational settings. Methods: thirty-nine children aged 4:0 to 5:11 years, enrolled in two private preschools from different Brazilian regions, were assessed with the Protocol for the Early Identification of Reading Problems, in the version adapted to preschool - which includes the following tests: alphabet knowledge; metaphonological skills; phonological working memory; rapid automatized naming; silent word reading; and hearing sentence comprehension based on figures. The groups were compared with the Mann-Whitney statistical test, and significant differences were set at p < 0.05. Results: as expected, data revealed different performances between preschoolers from the two schools. The worse results in both were related to rhyme production and rhyme identification, which reveals that phonological awareness is probably not being stimulated in these groups. Participants performed as expected or "under attention" in the other skills. Conclusion: the performances of preschoolers from both schools were identified and classified, revealing differences in cognitive-linguistic performances between the different educational settings. These results ratify the importance of a teaching approach that helps develop cognitive-linguistic skills, early in preschool.
RESUMO Objetivo: investigar o desempenho cognitivo-linguístico de pré-escolares em diferentes contextos educacionais. Métodos: participaram do estudo 39 crianças, com idades entre 4:0 e 5:11 anos, matriculadas na pré-escola de duas escolas particulares, localizadas em diferentes regiões brasileiras. Os pré-escolares foram avaliados por meio do Protocolo de Identificação Precoce de Problemas de Leitura - IPPL, na versão adaptada para a Educação Infantil, que inclui provas de: conhecimento do alfabeto; habilidades metafonológicas; memória operacional fonológica; nomeação automática rápida; leitura silenciosa de palavras e compreensão auditiva de sentenças a partir de figuras. Os grupos foram comparados por meio do teste estatístico Mann-Whitney, considerando-se significativas diferenças com p<0,05. Resultados: como esperado, os dados revelaram diferenças de desempenho entre os pré-escolares das duas escolas. Verificou-se que os piores resultados, em ambas as escolas, foram relacionados às habilidades de produção de rima e identificação de rima, o que revela que a consciência fonológica não deve estar sendo estimulada nesses grupos. Nas demais habilidades os participantes apresentaram desempenhos dentro do esperado ou sob atenção. Conclusão: foi possível identificar e classificar o desempenho dos pré-escolares de ambas as escolas, havendo diferenças no desempenho cognitivo-linguístico em diferentes contextos educacionais. Tais resultados ratificam a importância de uma abordagem de ensino que promova o desenvolvimento de habilidades cognitivo-linguísticas desde a Educação Infantil.
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PURPOSE: Pancreatic Polypeptide-secreting tumor of the distal pancreas (PPoma) is a rare, difficult and indolent type of cancer with a survival rate of 5-year in only 10% of all cases. The PPoma is classified as a neuroendocrine tumor (NET) not functioning that overexpresses SSTR 2 (somatostatin receptor subtype 2). Thus, in order to improve the diagnosis of this type of tumor, we developed nanoparticulate drug carriers based on poly-lactic acid (PLA) polymer loaded with octreotide and radiolabeled with Technetium-99 m (99mTc). METHODS: PLA/PVA octreotide nanoparticles were developed by double-emulsion technique. These nanoparticles were characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and radiolabeled with 99mTc by the direct via forming 99mTc-PLA/PVA octreotide nanoparticles. The safety of these nanosystems was evaluated by the MTT cell toxicity assay and their in vivo biodistribution was evaluated in xenografted inducted animals. RESULTS: The results showed that a 189 nm sized nanoparticle were formed with a PDI of 0,097, corroborating the monodispersive behavior. These nanoparticles were successfully radiolabeled with 99mTc showing uptake by the inducted tumor. The MTT assay corroborated the safety of the nanosystem for the cells. CONCLUSION: The results support the use of this nanosystem (99mTc-PLA/PVA octreotide nanoparticles) as imaging agent for PPoma. Graphical Abstract Polypeptide-Secreting Tumor of the Distal Pancreas (PPoma) Radiolabeled Nanoparticles for Imaging.
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Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/diagnóstico por imagen , Nanopartículas/química , Octreótido/química , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico por imagen , Polipéptido Pancreático/metabolismo , Poliésteres/química , Radiofármacos/química , Tecnecio/química , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , Nanopartículas/metabolismo , Octreótido/metabolismo , Páncreas/diagnóstico por imagen , Páncreas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Tamaño de la Partícula , Cintigrafía/métodos , Radiofármacos/metabolismo , Receptores de Somatostatina/genética , Receptores de Somatostatina/metabolismo , Distribución Tisular , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMEN
Generally, pancreatic polypeptide-secreting tumor of the distal pancreas (PPoma) is classified as a rare tumor, and may occur sporadically or be associated in families or with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (NEM 1). It grows slowly, reaching large dimensions at the time of diagnosis and the symptomatology is fundamentally due to the mass effect, causing either non-specific abdominal pain or symptoms suggestive of obstruction of the pancreatic or biliary duct. Therefore, when detected, they are usually malignant, with metastases mainly in the liver. The combination of serum analysis of increased levels of chromogranin A and pancreatic polypeptide and pancreastatin is very useful with a sensitivity of up to 95%. However, in addition, scintigraphicexams with somatostatin analogues should be performed to better clarify the diagnosis. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice, despite surgical difficulty and because they are generally palliative due to the metastases. Surgeries for tumor volume reduction are also performed to relieve symptoms. Chemotherapy commonly uses streptozotocin and somatostatin analogues to treat residual disease. Unfortunately, the survival rates are still very low, less than 10%, and if metastases already exist, this percentage drops to 3%.
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CONTEXT: Age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes have been extensively documented, and several concurrent diseases may underlie multiple drug therapy in the elderly. As a result, the risk of adverse drug reactions and drug interactions increases among aged patients. However, only a few studies have compared the prescribing patterns for different age groups of hospitalized patients or have evaluated the effect of age on drug prescription. OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of drug prescriptions for elderly inpatients, with those for non-elderly inpatients, in order to assess age-related differences in the number of prescribed drugs, drug choices and prescribed doses, and to evaluate the prescription appropriateness for the elderly patients. TYPE OF STUDY: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: 400-bed tertiary care general teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: All inpatients on one day of June 1995, except for the Intensive Care Unit and for the Departments of Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology. PROCEDURES: All medicines prescribed to the eligible patients on the study day were recorded from the prescription sheets provided by the hospital pharmacy. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Name, therapeutic class, and mean daily dose of the prescribed drugs. RESULTS: Of the 273 eligible inpatients, 46.5% were 14-44 years old, 33% were 45-64 years old and 20.5% were > 64 years old. Cancer was significantly more frequent among the elderly. The mean number of prescribed drugs was five for all age groups. The five most prescribed drugs for all patients were dipyrone, ranitidine, dipyrone in a fixed-dose combination, metoclopramide and cefazolin. The elderly had significantly more prescriptions for insulin, furosemide and enoxaparin. For most drugs, the mean prescribed dose showed that there was no dose adjustment for elderly patients, and drug choices for this age group were sometimes questionable. CONCLUSIONS: There was little variation in the prescribing patterns for the elderly when compared with the other age strata.
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Anciano , Prescripciones de Medicamentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Pacientes Internos , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Hospitales de Enseñanza , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
CONTEXTO: As alterações farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas associadas ao envelhecimento têm sido amplamente documentadas, bem como o freqüente uso simultâneo de vários medicamentos como conseqüência da elevada prevalência de doenças crônico-degenerativas entre os idosos. Conseqüentemente, o risco de reações adversas a medicamentos e de interações medicamentosas aumenta em idosos. Entretanto, poucos estudos têm comparado os padrões de prescrição para diferentes grupos etários de pacientes hospitalizados ou avaliaram os efeitos da idade na prescrição de medicamentos. OBJETIVO: Comparar a prevalência de prescrição de medicamentos para pacientes idosos e não-idosos em um hospital geral universitário a fim de avaliar se existem diferenças relacionadas à idade quanto ao número de medicamentos prescritos, quanto à escolha dos medicamentos e quanto às doses prescritas, bem como a adequação da prescrição para os pacientes idosos. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Estudo observacional, do tipo transversal. LOCAL: Hospital-escola, de complexidade terciária, com 400 leitos. AMOSTRA: Todos os pacientes internados em um dia do mês de junho de 1995, excluindo os internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e dos Departamentos de Psiquiatria, Pediatria, Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. PROCEDIMENTO: Todos os medicamentos prescritos para os pacientes adultos internados nas enfermarias incluídas no estudo foram registrados a partir da folha de prescrição fornecida pela farmácia hospitalar. Os dados demográficos e os diagnósticos de alta foram fornecidos pelo Departamento de Estatística do Hospital. As informações sobre o peso e exames laboratoriais dos pacientes idosos foram obtidas a partir dos prontuários médicos. VARIAVEIS ESTUDADAS: Características demográficas dos pacientes, diagnósticos de alta, exames laboratoriais (somente para os idosos) e medicamentos prescritos (nome, classe terapêutica, dose média diária). RESULTADOS: Entre os 273 pacientes internados e elegíveis para os estudo, 46,5% encontravam-se na faixa etária de 14-44 anos; 33%, de 45-64 anos e 20,5%, na faixa etária > 64 anos. Neoplasias foram significantemente mais freqüentes entre os pacientes idosos. A média do número de medicamentos prescritos foi de cinco por paciente para os três grupos etários. No conjunto dos pacientes os cinco medicamentos mais prescritos foram: dipirona, ranitidina, dipirona em combinação dose-fixa, metoclopramida e cefazolina. Os pacientes idosos receberam significantemente mais...