RESUMEN

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. However, coffee plants are often exposed to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) pollution. The main aims of current study were to detect the PTEs in instant coffee and health risk assessment of consumers in Bandar Abbas city. To achieve this, 40 samples of instant coffee were randomly collected from various points in the city in 2023 and PTEs concentrations were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were calculated using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The concentrations of Fe and Cu were higher than other PTEs, equaling 404.41 mg/kg and 0.0046 mg/kg, respectively. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that THQ (Fe > Pb > As > Cd > Ni > Cu) and TTHQ levels were less than 1 based on the 95% percentile in adults and children, indicating there is no possibility of a non-carcinogenic risk associated with instant coffee. The carcinogenic risk due to inorganic As in instant coffee was acceptable (2.63E-5 and 1.27E-5 based on the 95% percentile for adults and children, respectively), therefore PTEs in instant coffee do not endanger the health of consumers.

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The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs; Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), and Cadmium (Cd) Pb, Ni, and Cd), using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was measured in fifty surface coastal sediment samples collected from 5 points coastal sediment of Bandar Abbas city, Iran besides the potential ecological risk index (RI) estimated the environmental health risk. The rank order of PTEs was Pb (52.090 ± 4.113 mg/kg dry weight) > Ni (34.940 ± 8.344 mg/kg dry weight) > Cd (2.944 ± 0.013 mg/kg dry weight). RI due to PTEs in sediments for A, B, C, D, and E points were 187.655, 190.542, 191.079, 189.496, and 192.053, respectively. RI for sampling points A to E was at moderate risk (150 ≤ RI < 300). Therefore, it is recommended to carry out control programs to reduce the amount of PTEs in the coastal sediment of the Persian Gulf.

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The contamination of fresh meat and meat products like sausages with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is a worldwide health concern. Consequently, the related investigations concerning the levels of PTEs in sausages among databases such as Scopus, Cochrane, and PubMed were investigated 1 January 2000 to 20 August 2020. Furthermore, the concentration of PTEs in sausages was meta-analyzed based on the random effect model (REM). The findings indicated that the rank order of PTEs in sausage was Fe (432.154 µg/kg) > Cu (152.589 µg/kg) > Zn (93.813 µg/kg) > Cr (6.040 µg/kg) > Pb (1.524 µg/kg) > Ni (0.525 µg/kg) > Cd (0.115 µg/kg) > As (0.066 µg/kg). Our results showed that the PTE concentration in sausages was lower than the permitted limit except for Pb in samples reported from Nigeria, China, and Turkey. Therefore, continuous monitoring of PTEs in such products was recommended.

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In this study, the concentration of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) in the muscle of Blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) from the Strait of Hormuz was analyzed and following the health risk in the consumers by uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique was estimated. Fifty-eight blue card samples (male blue crabs = 33 samples; female blue crabs = 25 samples) were collected in the Strait of Hormuz from May to September 2020 for analysis of Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and Iron (Fe) using Flame Absorption Spectrometer (FAAS). The order of PHEs in the in muscle male blue crabs was Fe (414.37 ± 288.07 µg/kg.ww) > Pb (238.78 ± 87.83 µg/kg.ww) > Ni (92.57 ± 39.72 µg/kg.ww) > Cd (52.73 ± 18.39 µg/kg.ww) and in female blue crabs Fe (461.16 ± 320.56 µg/kg.ww) > Pb (230.79 ± 125.59 µg/kg.ww) > Ni (84.13 ± 46.07 µg/kg.ww) > Cd (67.412 ± 43.93 µg/kg.ww). The concentration of PHEs muscle of male blue crabs and female blue crabs was not significantly different (P-value > 0.05). Uncertainty of non-carcinogenic risk revealed that P95% of total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) in the adult and children consumers due to ingestion male blue crabs was 5.30E-3 and 1.08E-3, respectively, and P95% of TTHQ in the adult and children due to ingestion female blue crabs was 7.05E-3 and 1.20E-3, respectively. P95% of TTHQ in both adult and children consumers was lower than one value. Therefore, consumers are at the acceptable range of the non-carcinogenic risk due to ingestion muscle of male and female blue crabs in Bandar Abbas. Although the non-carcinogenic risk of blue crab was in the safe range, due to the increase in its consumption and the increase of pollution sources in the Persian Gulf, it is recommended to monitor PHEs in Blue's muscle crabs.

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The purpose of this research was to optimize a new method for preconcentration and determination of trace iron concentrations in aqueous solutions. For this purpose, a newly synthesized ligand, 3-(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl) benzoic acid (3-OH-3-MOPBA), was used in the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method coupled with UV-vis spectroscopy. The experiments considering input variables of extractant volume, disperser volume, salt concentration, and pH were designed with the aid of central composite design (CCD). The results were analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 4.0 µg L-1 under the optimized conditions. A calibration curve with a good linearity (R2 = 0.9986) was obtained over the concentration range of 15-800 µg L-1. The relative standard deviations (RSD) were found to be around 2.1% (n = 7). The main advantages of the developed method are simple application, environment friendly, short time, and low cost which makes this method to be applied routinely for measuring iron in various water samples.

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The aim of this study was to establish a new dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique for the determination of iron concentration in aqueous solutions and fruit juices based on the reaction between iron and 3-hydroxy-1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpyridin-4(1H)-one (3-OH-PMPO) as a chelating agent. A central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the effects of independent parameters (pH, volume of disperser solvent and extractant solvent and chelating agent concentration) on extraction efficiency. Under the optimized conditions, the analytical curve is linear in a concentration range of 10-750 µgL-1 with a detection limit of 5 µgL-1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for ten repeated determinations of iron concentrations at 40 and 200 µgL-1 was calculated to be 4.2% and 1.2%, respectively. Relative recovery of iron in several water samples was investigated and the average was obtained in the range of 91-108%.

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