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OBJECTIVE: A study was carried out to evaluate the effects of metabolic syndrome components and oxidative stress factors among preeclamptic women from South West India. STUDY DESIGN: A case-control study was carried out by enrolling fifty pre-eclampsia cases and hundred low-risk pregnant women within the age group of 18-40â¯years, at 28-34â¯weeks of pregnancy. The fasting glucose level, fasting insulin level, insulin resistance, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), malondialdehyde, the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP assay), cardiac output and aortic wall distensibility were measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: There was a significant rise in the fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and antioxidant levels in pre-eclamptic women (pâ¯<â¯0.001). The cardiac output and aortic wall distensibility were observed to be low in the cases. CONCLUSION: We conclude that abnormal lipid metabolism and high lipid peroxide concentrations observed in pre-eclampsia may result in oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction.
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Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/fisiología , Estrés Oxidativo , Preeclampsia/sangre , Adulto , Antioxidantes/análisis , Biomarcadores/sangre , Glucemia/análisis , Estudios de Casos y Controles , LDL-Colesterol , Femenino , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , India , Insulina/sangre , Resistencia a la Insulina , Embarazo , Triglicéridos/sangre , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Periodontal disease and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) share risk factors like obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, along with evidence of chronic inflammation in the two conditions. Evaluating the influence of PCOS on periodontal health would, therefore, identify a possible association. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty women, divided into equal groups of PCOS and healthy patients, were clinically examined for periodontal parameters like probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), modified gingival index (mGI), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin (FI), triglycerides (TG), and free testosterone along with serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were the biochemical parameters evaluated. RESULTS: Women with PCOS had statistically significant differences in mGI, PI, testosterone, FBS, and TG when compared with healthy women (p < 0.05). MDA levels in serum and GCF between women with PCOS and controls were also significantly different. BOP and mGI showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.45 and 0.44) with serum levels of MDA. Relatively greater gingival inflammation was observed in patients with PCOS compared to healthy controls, independent of the risk factors present. CONCLUSION: PCOS seemed to have an impact on gingival inflammation, in addition to the effect of dental plaque and other local factors in the oral cavity, in PCOS patients when compared with healthy individuals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Women diagnosed with PCOS may have probabaility of co-existing gingival inflammation. Therefore, emphasis on medical treatment for PCOS and periodic screening for periodontal disease may be warranted.
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Salud Bucal , Síndrome del Ovario Poliquístico , Mujeres , Atención a la Salud , Femenino , Líquido del Surco Gingival , Humanos , Síndrome del Ovario Poliquístico/complicacionesRESUMEN
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections continue to be one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The oncogenic potential of this virus was well established in anogenital malignancies and oropharyngeal cancers. Even though a fall in cervical cancer rates has been reported worldwide, the subsequent rise in HPV-associated head and neck cancers among men and women have been reported from developed countries, necessitating the vaccination of adolescent boys as well. The objective of this narrative review is to provide an update on the current status of HPV vaccination worldwide. This will be helpful for clinicians in counseling parents and guardians as this vaccine mainly targets sexually naïve preadolescents. An electronic search of the databases was carried out to retrieve information concerning HPV vaccine implementation between July 2006 and 2017, with special emphasis on the current viewpoints, controversies and ethical issues. Globally, 74 countries have implemented the HPV vaccine in the national immunization schedule, and this vaccine is listed as an essential medicine by WHO. About 60% of the low- and lower-middle-income countries have implemented the vaccine with financial assistance from Gavi and WHO. The HPV vaccine is a safe vaccine with no serious adverse effects as per the data available from developed nations as well as low/lower middle/upper middle-income countries. However, long-term follow-up is essential to substantiate the impact of the vaccination programs in cancer prevention.
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Papillomaviridae/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/uso terapéutico , HumanosRESUMEN
Sexually transmitted infections (STI) have a major impact on the reproductive health of women. Among the different etiological agents of STIs, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the main bacterial pathogens that cause sexually transmitted infections in women. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of genital chlamydial and gonococcal infection among women in the age group of 18-65 years from a community-based setting. A community-based cross-sectional study was performed using the archived urine samples (n=811) of women in the age group of 18-65 years for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae using a multiplex conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Out of 811 samples tested in the present study, 2 (0.24%) were tested positive for C. trachomatis and none were positive for N. gonorrhoeae. The study demonstrates the very low prevalence of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infection in a rural community. For large population-based screening, urine samples were observed to be more socially acceptable and cost-effective.
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Infecciones por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Chlamydia trachomatis/aislamiento & purificación , Gonorrea/diagnóstico , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/aislamiento & purificación , Orina/microbiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , India , Tamizaje Masivo/economía , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/economía , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Población Rural , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Introduction: Cervical cancer probably represents the best-studied human cancer caused by a viral infection and the causal association of this preventable cancer with human papilloma virus (HPV) is well established. Worldwide there is a scarcity of data regarding HPV prevalence with vast differences existing among populations. Objective: The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the community-based HPV prevalence estimates among asymptomatic women from urban and rural set ups and in participants of cancer screening clinics. Study design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed-Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, and Google scholar were systematically searched for studies providing prevalence data for HPV infection among asymptomatic women between 1986 and 2016. Results: The final analysis included 32 studies comprising a population of 224,320 asymptomatic women. The overall pooled HPV prevalence was 11% (95% confidence interval (CI), 9%-12%). The pooled HPV prevalence of 11% (95% CI, 9%-11%) was observed among women attending cervical cancer screening clinics. The pooled HPV prevalences were 10% (95% CI 8%-12%) and 11% (95% CI 4%-18%) from urban and rural areas respectively, indicating higher infection rates among the rural women with the least access to cancer screening and cancer care. Conclusion: The prevalence rates in this systematic quantitative review provide a reliable estimate of the burden of HPV infection among asymptomatic women from developed as well as developing nations. Rural women and women attending cervical cancer screening programmes feature higher genital HPV prevalences compared to their urban counterparts.
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BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is one of the commonest cancers among women all over the world. The association of cervical cancer with human papilloma virus (HPV) is well established. Knowledge about the causal relationship between HPV and cervical cancer is important to make appropriate, evidence-based health care choices. In this context we conducted a community based study among women about the knowledge, attitude and practice about HPV infections and their health effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional interview based house to house survey was conducted with a validated data collection tool covering sociodemographic factors, knowledge, attitude and practice about HPV and its health effects, among 1020 women from a rural village, Perdoor, in Udupi district, Karnataka, India in 2013-14. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 38.9 years (SD=12.6). Study participants showed a high literacy rate (85.7%). Only 2.4% of sexually exposed women had undergone Pap smear testing. Partners of 4.4%women had undergone circumcision and they belonged to the Muslim community. Male condom usage was reported by 26 women (2.6%). However, none of the participants had heard of HPV and its health effects. CONCLUSIONS: This community based study found complete ignorance about HPV among rural South Indian women in spite of a high literacy level.
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Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Papillomaviridae/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Población Rural , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , India , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prueba de Papanicolaou , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Pronóstico , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virología , Frotis Vaginal , Salud de la Mujer , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Candida spp. have emerged as successful pathogens in both invasive and mucosal infections. Varied virulence factors and growing resistance to antifungal agents have contributed to their pathogenicity. We studied diagnostic accuracy of HiCrome Candida Differential Agar and Vitek 2 Compact system for identification of Candida spp. in comparison with species-specific PCR on 110 clinical isolates of Candida from blood stream infections (54, 49%) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (56, 51%). C. albicans (61%) was the leading pathogen in VVC, while C. tropicalis (46%) was prominent among BSIs. HiCrome Agar and Vitek 2 Compact had good measures of agreement (κ) 0.826 and 0.895, respectively, in comparison with PCR. We also tested these isolates for in vitro production of proteinase, esterase, phospholipases, and biofilms. Proteinase production was more among invasive isolates (P = 0.017), while phospholipase production was more among noninvasive isolates (P = 0.001). There was an overall increase in the production of virulence factors among non-albicans Candida. Identification of clinical isolates of Candida up to species level either by chromogenic agar or by Vitek 2 Compact system should be routinely done to choose appropriate therapy.
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INTRODUCTION: Fetal growth abnormality is associated with changes in the soft tissue mass, which is decreased in growth restricted fetuses and increased in macrosomia. OBJECTIVE: To correlate fetal abdominal subcutaneous tissue thickness (FASTT) measured by ultrasound at term and birth weight and to obtain a cut-off value of FASTT to predict large and small for gestational age babies in our population. METHODS: FASTT was measured at the anterior 1/3(rd) of abdominal circumference by ultrasound after 36 weeks and weight of the baby measured after birth. RESULTS: There was positive correlation between FASTT and birth weight. FASTT of 6.25 mm was sensitive to predict large for gestational age (LGA) babies and had a high negative predictive value; FASTT measurement for prediction of small babies with birth weight < 2500 g was not sensitive. CONCLUSION: FASTT can be used as an additional indicator to predict large for gestational age babies along with other known birth weight indicators.
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OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to assess the differences in oral health and perceived oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) between pregnant and nonpregnant rural Indian women and to describe factors that could possibly influence OHRQoL. METHODS: A number of 259 pregnant (mean age 26 +/- 5.5) and 237 nonpregnant (mean age 27.8 + 6.9) women who participated in the cross-sectional study were administered the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 questionnaire and underwent oral examination. RESULTS: The results showed that the perceived OHRQoL was significantly poorer among the pregnant women than among nonpregnant women. The mean number of sextants with Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs scores of 2 and 3 and the gingival index scores were significantly (P < 0.001) higher among pregnant women than in the comparison groups. Factors such as pregnancy number (P < 0.05), decayed, missing, filled teeth scores (P < 0.001), and Gingival Index scores (P < 0.001) were significant predictors for OHRQoL. CONCLUSION: Oral health and perceived OHRQoL were poorer among pregnant women than among nonpregnant women.