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BACKGROUND: Protein-derived peptide fractions can play a key role in the physiological and metabolic regulation and modulation of the body, which suggests that they could be used as functional ingredients to improve health and to reduce the risk of disease. This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro antithrombotic and anticariogenic bioactivity of hydrolysates and protein fractions obtained from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) by biocatalysis. RESULTS: Cowpea protein concentrate was hydrolyzed by sequential action with two enzyme systems, Pepsin-Pancreatin or Alcalase-Flavourzyme. There was extensive enzymatic hydrolysis, with degrees of hydrolysis of 34.94% and 81.43% for Pepsin-Pancreatin and Alcalase-Flavourzyme, respectively. The degree of hydrolysis for the control treatments, without the addition of the enzymes Pepsin-Pancreatin and Alcalase-Flavourzyme was 1.1% and 1.2%, respectively. The hydrolysates were subjected to fractionation by ultrafiltration, with five cut-off points according to molecular weight (<1, 1-3, 3-5, 5-10 and >10 kDa). The Alcalase-Flavourzyme hydrolysate led to 100% inhibition of platelet aggregation, while the Pepsin-Pancreatin hydrolysate showed 77.41% inhibition, but this was approximately 100% in the ultrafiltered fractions. The highest anticariogenic activity was obtained with the Pepsin-Pancreatin system, with 61.55% and 56.07% for calcium and phosphorus demineralization, respectively. CONCLUSION: Hydrolysates and their peptide fractions from Vigna unguiculata exhibited inhibition of platelet aggregation and protection of tooth enamel and have the potential for use in the development of functional products with beneficial health effects. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Research background: Enzymatically resistant maltodextrins (ERM) are a resistant starch type 4, synthesized from native starch. They are obtained by the sequential application of two processes: pyrodextrinization, which produces pyrodextrins, and enzymatic hydrolysis, which produces ERM. In these processes atypical bonds are formed that confer pyrodextrins and ERM similar properties to dietary fiber, such as resistance to digestion. The aim of this work is to determine and evaluate some physicochemical properties of pyrodextrins and ERM obtained from native starch isolated from makal (Xanthosoma yucatanense) tubers. Experimental approach: Pyrodextrinization and complementary hydrolysis were conducted using factorial designs. For pyrodextrinization, factors and their levels were (m(starch):V(HCl))=80:1 and 160:1 (c(HCl)=2.2 M), temperature 90 and 110 °C and reaction time 1 and 3 h, and for CH, α-amylase per pyrodextrin volume fractions 0.5 and 1 µL/mL and reaction time 10 and 30 min. The physicochemical profile included determination of resistant starch content, estimation of color change (ΔE), microscopy and determination of dextrose equivalents (DE). Results and conclusions: According to the factorial design, the best treatment conditions for pyrodextrinization were: (m(starch):V(HCl))=160:1, 90 °C and 3 h, since they resulted in the highest resistant starch content (84.73 %) and the lowest ΔE (3.742). Due to the low DE (13.89 %), increased amount of resistant starch (90.73 %) and low ΔE (4.24) in the resulting ERM, complementary hydrolysis with α-amylase per pyrodextrin volume fraction 0.5 µL/mL and hydrolysis time 10 min was selected as the best treatment. Novelty and scientific contribution: The results show that the pyrodextrins and ERM obtained from makal can be used as ingredients for the development of functional foods, due to their high content of indigestible material and low degree of browning.
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Consumers prefer food products that, in addition to nutritional properties, also have effects beneficial to health. Non-conventional food plants such as canary seed (Phalaris canariensis) constitute an alternative in the food industry due to nutritional properties, chemical, and bioactive potential. The aim of this research was to develop pancake formulations with the inclusion of canary seed flour to evaluate their proximate composition, overall score, taste and texture sensory acceptability, and glycemic index. Pancakes based on whole-wheat flour mixed with canary seed flour were developed at four substitution levels (control 0, 10, 30, and 50%). The formulations exhibited attractive nutritional properties, mainly due to the levels of protein (~ 8.7%), minerals (~ 5.1%), and total dietary fiber (4.7-5.9%). The overall score and taste showed a statistical difference (p < 0.05) between the formulations. The flours with 10 and 30% showed high sensory acceptability with scores of 6.22 and 6.67 respect to 7-point hedonic scale, between the categories "I like it" and "I like it a lot". All formulations presented a low glycemic index (34-39%) that was significantly influenced (p < 0.05) as the level of substitution increased. The findings represent a new approach to the use of canary seed in the development of healthy food products.
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Harina , Phalaris , Harina/análisis , Índice Glucémico , Phalaris/química , Triticum/química , Semillas/químicaRESUMEN
Plant-based polysaccharides are considered a good alternative for obtaining edible films and coatings. In this research the objective was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of corn starch obtained from QPM Sac-Beh (SBCS) and Delonix regia galactomannan (DRG) and use them to produce films. Films were elaborated from 1 %(w/v) film-forming solutions (FFS) with SBCS:DRG 1:0, 1:1, and 0:1 ratio. Some films were prepared with glycerol 0.4 %(w/v) and vanillin 0.1 %(w/v). SBCS and DRG were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. SBCS presented low crystallinity which agrees with a low gelatinization ΔH observed. The SBCS:DRG 1:0 FFS without glycerol did not form films; however, DRG addition allows film formation. It was also found that glycerol addition reduced tensile strength to 10.3 MPa, from 41.3 MPa. The lowest water vapor permeability was found in films with 1:1 SBCS:DRG and 0.1 %(w/v) vanillin. This formulation was used to coat D'Anjou pears. This coating conserved the pears' color for 24 days while the control ones started to get a brown color on day 6. Based on the results obtained, FFS elaborated with 1:1 SBCS:DRG and 0.1 %(w/v) vanillin had potential use as edible film material for coating on climacteric fruits preservation.
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Películas Comestibles , Fabaceae , Almidón/química , Zea mays , Glicerol , Permeabilidad , Semillas , Resistencia a la TracciónRESUMEN
RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar la calidad microbiológica y actividad antibacteriana en 43 muestras de miel producida por Melipona beecheii, extraída durante las épocas de cosecha (enero a mayo del 2020 y 2021) y poscosecha (junio a octubre 2020) de meliponarios ubicados en selva baja caducifolia del Sureste de México. Materiales y métodos. La calidad microbiológica se determinó evaluando el contenido de mesófilos aerobios totales, coliformes, hongos, levaduras y anaerobios formadores de esporas. Para la actividad antibacteriana, se utilizó el ensayo de difusión en agar con pocillos utilizando concentraciones de miel al 5, 10, 20, 40 y 80%. Resultados. Se observó la presencia de mesófilos aerobios (83.7% de las muestras), coliformes (4.6%), mohos (20.9%) y levaduras (39.5%), con un máximo de 4.5x102, 2.5x10, 9.5x10 y 3.2x103 UFC/g, respectivamente. En ninguna muestra se observó la presencia de formas esporuladas de clostridios sulfito reductores. Con respecto a la actividad antibacteriana las mayores zonas de inhibición se registraron contra Staphylococcus aureus a una concentración de la miel al 80 y 40%, contrario a lo observado con Salmonella var. Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aureginosa y Escherichia coli, en donde la interferencia en el crecimiento bacteriano no fue tan evidente. Conclusiones. No obstante, el crecimiento de mesófilos y levaduras en la mayoría de las muestras, éstas presentaron actividad antibacteriana contra los patógenos referidos, lo cual puede ser atribuido a las interacciones entre microbioma, plantas, abejas y características fisicoquímicas de la miel.
ABSTRACT Objective. To analyze the microbiological quality and antibacterial activity in 43 samples of honey produced by Melipona beecheii, extracted during the years 2020 and 2021 in the harvest (January to May) and post-harvest (June to October) seasons from meliponaries located in the low deciduous forest of southeast of Mexico. Materials and methods. Microbiological quality was determined by evaluating the content of total aerobic mesophiles, coliforms, molds, yeasts, and spore-forming anaerobes. For antibacterial activity, the agar well diffusion assay was used using 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80% honey concentrations. Results. The presence of aerobic mesophiles (83.7% of the samples), coliforms (4.6%), molds (20.9%) and yeasts (39.5%) was observed, with a maximum of 4.5x102, 2.5x10, 9.5x10 and 3.2x103 CFU/g, respectively. The presence of sporulated forms of sulfite-reducing clostridia was not observed in any sample. With respect to the antibacterial activity, the highest zones of inhibition were recorded against Staphylococcus aureus at a honey concentration of 80 and 40%, contrary to what was observed with Salmonella var. Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Escherichia coli, where the interference in bacterial growth was not so evident. Conclusions. However, the growth of mesophiles and yeasts in most of the samples showed antibacterial activity against the pathogens mentioned above, which can be attributed to the interactions between microbiome, plants, bees and physicochemical characteristics of honey.
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Las proteínas y polisacáridos con frecuencia son utilizados simultáneamente en la industria de alimentos. Las interacciones entre ambos biopolímeros juegan un papel importante en la estructura y estabilidad de muchos alimentos procesados ya que pueden resultar en un sistema con propiedades bioactivas diferentes como ocurre en el caso de las funcionales. Objetivo. Evaluar los cambios en la capacidad antioxidante de un sistema hidrocoloide mixto formado por un hidrolizado enzimático proteico de frijol endurecido (P. vulgaris) y goma modificada de flamboyán (Delonix regia) (SHM). Materiales y métodos. El estudio se hizo entre febrero-octubre, 2014, en Mérida, México. Se modificó enzimáticamente el concentrado proteico de P. vulgaris con Pepsina-Pancreatina® y la goma extraída del flamboyán mediante carboximetilación, preparando dispersiones al 1% de cada uno de los biopolímeros, determinado la fluorescencia intrínseca de Trp (FIT) como indicador de la interacción entre ambos biopolímeros y la actividad antioxidante y quelante del sistema resultante. Resultados. Se obtuvo un hidrolizado proteico extensivo con 28,8% de grado de hidrólisis y una goma de flamboyán con grado de sustitución de 0,91. La mayor interacción entre ambos biopolímeros, se obtuvo empleando una relación 5:1 del SHM a pH 4 de acuerdo con el valor de FIT. Conclusiones. Los sistemas hidrocoloides mixtos preparados con hidrolizado extensivo de las proteínas Phaseolus vulgaris y goma modificada de flamboyán presentaron un incremento en la actividad antioxidante, respecto del hidrolizado dependiendo del mecanismo de oxidación, así como de las condiciones de pH en que se encuentra el sistema y la interacción entre ambos componentes(AU)
Proteins and polysaccharides are frequently used simultaneously in the food industry. The interactions between both biopolymers play an important role in the structure and stability of many processed foods since they can result in a system with different bioactive properties as in the case of functional ones. Objective. Evaluate the changes in the antioxidant capacity of mixed hydrocolloid system formed by a hard to cook bean (P. vulgaris) protein enzymatic hydrolyzate and modified flamboyant gum (Delonix regia) (SHM). Materials and methods. The study was conducted from February to October 2014 in Merida, Mexico. For this, the protein concentrate of P. vulgaris was treated with Pepsin-Pancreatin® and the gum extracted from the flamboyant were modified enzymatically by carboxymethylation, preparing 1% dispersions of each of the biopolymers, determining the intrinsic Trp fluorescence (FIT) as an indicator of the interaction between both biopolymers and the antioxidant and chelating activity of the resulting system. Results. The main results indicated that an extensive protein hydrolyzate with 28.8% degree of hydrolysis and a flamboyant gum with a substitution degree of 0.91 were obtained. The greatest interaction between both biopolymers was obtained using a 5:1 ratio of SHM to pH 4 according to the FIT value. Conclusions. The mixed hydrocolloid systems prepared with extensive hydrolyzate of the hard to cook P. vulgaris and modified flamboyant gum proteins showed an increase in antioxidant activity, compared to the hydrolyzate depending on the oxidation mechanism, as well as the pH conditions used and interaction between both component(AU)
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Polisacáridos , Estabilidad Proteica , Manipulación de Alimentos , Fabaceae , Antioxidantes , Biopolímeros , Industria de Alimentos , ColoidesRESUMEN
Mojarra of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) skeleton was used as protein source for the preparation of protein hydrolysates and peptide fractions with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. The flour presented a content of 34.92% protein and a brightness (luminosity, L*) of 82.29. Protein hydrolysates were obtained from the protein-rich flour with the enzymes Flavourzyme® and Alcalase® reaching degree of hydrolysis (%DH) of 52% and 67% at 100 min of reaction, respectively. Both hydrolysates showed low-molecular-weight (MW) peptides estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The hydrolysates obtained with Flavourzyme at 60 min and at 80 min with Alcalase showed greater ACE inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.238 and 0.344 mg/mL, respectively. The peptide fraction A (MW >10 kDa) with Flavourzyme and fraction B (MW = 10-5 kDa) with Alcalase obtained by ultrafiltration of hydrolysates with higher DH presented IC50 of 0.728 and 0.354 mg/mL, respectively, whereas peptide fraction C (MW = 5-3 kDa) with both enzymes hydrolysates with greater ACE inhibitory activity showed IC50 values of 0.470 and 0.634 mg/mL. The components obtained in this study could be used as functional ingredients in the design and development of functional foods.
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Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/química , Antihipertensivos/química , Cíclidos , Proteínas de Peces/química , Péptidos/química , Animales , Biocatálisis , Hidrólisis , Cinética , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/química , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , Subtilisinas/químicaRESUMEN
In this study, the effect of the extraction method (mechanical pressing, MP and organic solvent, OS) and the specie (Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber, CA; and Cucurbita moschata Duchesne, CM) on the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of oil from pumpkin of Yucatan, Mexico was investigated. Between the two extraction methods, the oil extracted by MP obtained the highest values for total phenolic compounds (TPC), total carotenoids, squalene, quercetin, ß-carotene, fucosterol, stigmasterol and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS and reducing power). Between the two species, the CM oil extracted with MP or OS exhibited the highest values for carotenoids, sterols and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS). Thus, it can be concluded that the method and specie affect the composition of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of the pumpkin oil. This information is useful for the extraction of pumpkin oil with a higher content of compounds, of interest for the industry.
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Antioxidantes/química , Cucurbita/química , Extracción Líquido-Líquido/métodos , Aceites de Plantas/química , Presión , Carotenoides/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Cucurbita/metabolismo , México , Fenoles/análisis , Fitosteroles/análisis , Aceites de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Análisis de Componente Principal , Semillas/química , Semillas/metabolismo , TemperaturaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Protein hydrolysates from food plants, such as legumes, have emerged as a new alternative to treat hyperglycemia, an important risk factor contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications. The aim of this work was to assess the antihyperglycemic activity and inhibition of α-glucosidase, and intestinal glucose absorption, and acute toxicity of total hydrolysates and < 1 kDa fractions from Phaseolus lunatus L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., and Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC., obtained by hydrolysis with Alcalase®-Flavourzyme® or pepsine-pancreatin enzymatic systems. RESULTS: In vivo results showed that three of six total hydrolysates and four of six < 1 kDa fractions suppressed starch-induced postprandial hyperglycemia (ED50 range between 1.4 and 93 mg kg-1 ). In vitro, total hydrolysates and fractions, particularly from M. pruriens, inhibited carbohydrate intestinal absorption (from 19.2 to 40%), and α-glucosidase activity (IC50 from 0.86 to 75 mg mL-1 ). Finally, none of the hydrolysates and fractions tested did not show any signs of toxicity (LD50 > 5000 mg kg-1 ). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that hydrolysates and < 1 kDa fractions from P. lunatus, P. vulgaris and M. pruriens are suitable candidates to treat or prevent T2DM. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Glucosa/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas/administración & dosificación , Hiperglucemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Mucuna/química , Phaseolus/química , Hidrolisados de Proteína/administración & dosificación , Animales , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas/química , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Hiperglucemia/enzimología , Hiperglucemia/metabolismo , Hipoglucemiantes/química , Hipoglucemiantes/aislamiento & purificación , Absorción Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , Hidrolisados de Proteína/aislamiento & purificación , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Ultrafiltración , alfa-Glucosidasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) native starch was treated with pyroconversion and enzymatic hydrolysis to produce a pyrodextrin and an enzyme-resistant maltodextrin. Some nutritional characteristics were quantified for both compounds. Pyroconversion was done using a 160:1 (p/v) starch:HCl ratio, 90 °C temperature and 3 h reaction time. The resulting pyrodextrin contained 46.21% indigestible starch and 78.86% dietary fiber. Thermostable α-amylase (0.01%) was used to hydrolyze the pyrodextrin at 95 °C for 5 min. The resulting resistant maltodextrin contained 24.45% dextrose equivalents, 56.06% indigestible starch and 86.62% dietary fiber. Compared to the cassava native starch, the pyrodextrin exhibited 56% solubility at room temperature and the resistant maltodextrin 100%. The glycemic index value for the resistant maltodextrin was 59% in healthy persons. Its high indigestible starch and dietary fiber contents, as well as its complete solubility, make the resistant maltodextrin a promising ingredient for raising dietary fiber content in a wide range of foods, especially in drinks, dairy products, creams and soups.
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Manihot/química , Polisacáridos/química , Almidón/química , Fibras de la Dieta , Índice Glucémico , Hidrólisis , Raíces de Plantas/química , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Almidón/aislamiento & purificación , Temperatura , alfa-Amilasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
El sabor y aroma de los granos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) fueron las principales razones que promovieron su domesticación y uso alimentario por los pueblos precolombinos de Mesoamérica. Incluso hoy día, la calidad sensorial determina la clasificación entre cacaos finos y a granel. Muchos compuestos químicos de las almendras son responsables de la calidad sensorial, pero sobresalen los polifenoles y los alcaloides, compuestos que de manera directa inciden en el sabor y palatabilidad de las almendras y de manera indirecta sobre los precursores de aroma. Los alcaloides están asociados con el amargor. Su concentración está relacionada con la variedad y se modifica con el procesamiento. Los polifenoles son responsables, junto con otras moléculas de la astringencia (poco deseable en chocolates), pero también de propiedades antioxidantes deseables por los consumidores. En esta revisión se abordan aspectos de la biosíntesis de estas importantes moléculas en las almendras de cacao, de las implicaciones en el sabor y aroma, así como los cambios que ocurren durante el procesamiento de las mismas(AU)
The flavor and aroma of cacao (Theobroma cacao) beans were the main reasons that promoted its domestication and food-use by pre-Columbian peoples of Mesoamerica. Polyphenols and alkaloids are compounds that directly affect the flavor of the cocoa beans and indirectly on the flavor precursors. The alkaloids are associated with bitterness; its concentration is related to the cultivar and its modifying through the processing. Polyphenols molecules are responsible together with other molecules of the astringency (not desirable in chocolate), but also are responsible for antioxidant properties, very desirable by consumers. This review focuses on aspects of the biosynthesis of these important molecules in cocoa beans as well as implications in taste and flavor. The changes of these molecules that occur during processing are also approached(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Cacao , Alcaloides , Alimentos Industrializados , Polifenoles , Plantas , Nutrición, Alimentación y DietaRESUMEN
Steviol glycosides are a family of compounds found in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni that are responsible for sweetness capacity. The antihyperglycemic effect of the two major steviol glycosides, Rebaudioside A and Stevioside, has been studied and it has been found that despite having the same common structure, only Stevioside exerts an antihyperglycemic effect. Although other steviol derivatives are found in smaller amounts (minor steviol glycosides) in S. rebaudiana, whether or not they possess antihyperglycemic activity has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of minor steviol glycosides in normoglycemic and diabetic (streptozotocin/nicotinamide) Wistar rats. Rats were subjected to an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) both before and after chronic treatment (28 days). After 6 h of fasting, IPGTT was conducted in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats using 1 g/kg of glucose plus 20 mg/kg of the minor glycoside (Dulcoside A, Rebaudioside B, C, D, or Steviolbioside) or control treatment (distilled water, glibenclamide, or metformin); the blood of the tip of the tail was collected at time 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min.; and blood glucose was measured, and its net area under the curve (AUCnet) was calculated. After 28-day chronic oral administration, IPGTT was again performed. Differences were considered significant at P < .05 by one-way ANOVA. Acute intraperitoneal or chronic oral administration of 20 mg/kg of minor steviol glycosides had no antihyperglycemic effect in normoglycemic or induced-diabetic Wistar rats. Considering the dose tested, it is unlikely that these glycosides have an effect on glucose in diabetic or normoglycemic humans.
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Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Diterpenos de Tipo Kaurano/farmacología , Glicósidos/farmacología , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Stevia/química , Animales , Área Bajo la Curva , Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Diterpenos de Tipo Kaurano/uso terapéutico , Glicósidos/uso terapéutico , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Oligosacáridos/farmacología , Oligosacáridos/uso terapéutico , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Ratas Wistar , Valores de Referencia , Trisacáridos/farmacología , Trisacáridos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Ice cream is a product whose formulation requires considerable amounts of sugar. In addition to providing flavor, sugar contributes to the physicochemical characteristics of ice cream but its consumption in large quantities is related to chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. For this reason, the food industry seeks to formulate products with sweeteners that preserve the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the original product. Stevia rebaudiana is a plant that naturally contains glycosides with no calories and high sweetening capacity and it is considered safe for consumption. Therefore the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of replacing sugar with different levels of extracts of S. rebaudiana Morita II and Criolla, on the physicochemical and sensory properties of strawberry ice cream. Using a 2x2 factorial experimental design, a total of 4 formulations were prepared with two levels of concentration of the aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana (5 or 8%) and the variety of S. rebaudiana (Morita II or Criolla). Proximate composition, physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation were determined in processed products. The proximate analysis of strawberry ice cream varied significantly (P<0.05) depending of variety and level used on the formulation. The viscosities of all ice cream mixes were decreasing as the shear rate was increased, indicating a pseudoplastic behavior. The sensory analysis showed differences (P<0.05) among the formulations tested, however the score of all products were above the indifference point, suggesting that all of these formulations may have a commercial potential.
RESUMO: Sorvete é um produto cuja formulação requer quantidades consideráveis de açúcar. Além de proporcionar o sabor, o açúcar contribui para as propriedades físico-químicas do sorvete, mas o seu consumo em grandes quantidades está relacionada com as doenças crônicas, como diabetes e obesidade. Por essa razão, a indústria alimentícia buscou formular produtos com adoçantes para manter as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais do produto original. Stevia rebaudiana é uma planta que contém naturalmente glicosídeos sem calorias com alta capacidade adoçante, cujo consumo é considerado seguro. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do açúcar por diferentes níveis de extratos de S. rebaudiana Morita II e Criolla, sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais do sorvete de morango. Usando um modelo experimental de fator 2x2, um total de 4 formulações foram preparadas com 2 níveis de concentração de extrato aquoso de Stevia rebaudiana (5 ou 8%) e a variedade de Stevia (Morita II ou Criolla). Os produtos processados foram submetidos a análises proximais e físico-químicas, e avaliação sensorial foi realizada para três deles. A análise do sorvete de morango teve uma variação estatisticamente significativa (P<0,05), dependendo da variedade e do nível utilizado na formulação. A viscosidade da mistura de sorvete diminuía com o aumento da velocidade de corte, indicando um comportamento pseudoplástico. A análise sensorial mostrou que não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre as formulações avaliadas e a pontuação de todos os produtos estava acima do ponto de indiferença, indicando que todos eles podem ter um potencial comercial.
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Ice cream is a product whose formulation requires considerable amounts of sugar. In addition to providing flavor, sugar contributes to the physicochemical characteristics of ice cream but its consumption in large quantities is related to chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. For this reason, the food industry seeks to formulate products with sweeteners that preserve the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the original product. Stevia rebaudiana is a plant that naturally contains glycosides with no calories and high sweetening capacity and it is considered safe for consumption. Therefore the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of replacing sugar with different levels of extracts of S. rebaudiana Morita II and Criolla, on the physicochemical and sensory properties of strawberry ice cream. Using a 2x2 factorial experimental design, a total of 4 formulations were prepared with two levels of concentration of the aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana (5 or 8%) and the variety of S. rebaudiana (Morita II or Criolla). Proximate composition, physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation were determined in processed products. The proximate analysis of strawberry ice cream varied significantly (P<0.05) depending of variety and level used on the formulation. The viscosities of all ice cream mixes were decreasing as the shear rate was increased, indicating a pseudoplastic behavior. The sensory analysis showed differences (P<0.05) among the formulations tested, however the score of all products were above the indifference point, suggesting that all of these formulations may have a commercial potential.(AU)
Sorvete é um produto cuja formulação requer quantidades consideráveis de açúcar. Além de proporcionar o sabor, o açúcar contribui para as propriedades físico-químicas do sorvete, mas o seu consumo em grandes quantidades está relacionada com as doenças crônicas, como diabetes e obesidade. Por essa razão, a indústria alimentícia buscou formular produtos com adoçantes para manter as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais do produto original. Stevia rebaudiana é uma planta que contém naturalmente glicosídeos sem calorias com alta capacidade adoçante, cujo consumo é considerado seguro. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do açúcar por diferentes níveis de extratos de S. rebaudiana Morita II e Criolla, sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais do sorvete de morango. Usando um modelo experimental de fator 2x2, um total de 4 formulações foram preparadas com 2 níveis de concentração de extrato aquoso de Stevia rebaudiana (5 ou 8%) e a variedade de Stevia (Morita II ou Criolla). Os produtos processados foram submetidos a análises proximais e físico-químicas, e avaliação sensorial foi realizada para três deles. A análise do sorvete de morango teve uma variação estatisticamente significativa (P<0,05), dependendo da variedade e do nível utilizado na formulação. A viscosidade da mistura de sorvete diminuía com o aumento da velocidade de corte, indicando um comportamento pseudoplástico. A análise sensorial mostrou que não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre as formulações avaliadas e a pontuação de todos os produtos estava acima do ponto de indiferença, indicando que todos eles podem ter um potencial comercial.(AU)
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Edulcorantes , Stevia , Helados , FragariaRESUMEN
A Mucuna pruriens protein concentrate was hydrolyzed with a digestive (pepsin-pancreatin) enzymatic system. The soluble portion of the hydrolysate was fractionated by ultrafiltration and the ultrafiltered peptide fraction (PF) with lower molecular weight was purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The PF obtained were evaluated by testing the biological activity in vitro. Fractions showed that the ability to inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme had IC50 values that ranged from 2.7 to 6.2 µg/mL. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity values ranged from 132.20 to 507.43 mM/mg. The inhibition of human platelet aggregation ranged from 1.59% to 11.11%, and the inhibition of cholesterol micellar solubility ranged from 0.24% to 0.47%. Hydrophobicity, size, and amino acid sequence could be factors in determining the biological activity of peptides contained in fractions. This is the first report that M. pruriens peptides act as antihypertensives, antioxidants, and inhibitors for human platelet aggregation and cholesterol micellar solubility in vitro.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Fibrinolíticos/farmacología , Mucuna/química , Proteínas de Plantas/farmacología , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Humanos , Hidrólisis , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Peso Molecular , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/sangre , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Agregación Plaquetaria/efectos de los fármacos , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , Hidrolisados de Proteína/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Seeds from avocado (Persea americana Miller) fruit are a waste byproduct of fruit processing. Starch from avocado seed is a potential alternative starch source. Two different extraction solvents were used to isolate starch from avocado seeds, functional and rheological characteristics measured for these starches, and comparisons made to maize starch. Avocado seed powder was suspended in a solution containing 2 mM Tris, 7.5 mM NaCl and 80 mM NaHSO3 (solvent A) or sodium bisulphite solution (1500 ppm SO2, solvent B). Solvent type had no influence (p>0.05) on starch properties. Amylose content was 15-16%. Gelatinization temperature range was 56-74 °C, peak temperature was 65.7 °C, and transition enthalpy was 11.4-11.6J/g. At 90 °C, solubility was 19-20%, swelling power 28-30 g water/g starch, and water absorption capacity was 22-24 g water/g starch. Pasting properties were initial temperature 72 °C; maximum viscosity 380-390 BU; breakdown -2 BU; consistency 200 BU; and setback 198 BU. Avocado seed starch dispersions (5% w/v) were characterized as viscoelastic systems, with G'>Gâ³. Avocado seed starch has potential applications as a thickening and gelling agent in food systems, as a vehicle in pharmaceutical systems and an ingredient in biodegradable polymers for food packaging.
Asunto(s)
Fenómenos Químicos , Persea/química , Semillas/química , Almidón/química , Almidón/aislamiento & purificación , Amilosa/análisis , Solubilidad , Temperatura , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
The flavor and aroma of cacao (Theobroma cacao) beans were the main reasons that promoted its domestication and food-use by pre-Columbian peoples of Mesoamerica. Polyphenols and alkaloids are compounds that directly affect the flavor of the cocoa beans and indirectly on the flavor precursors. The alkaloids are associated with bitterness; its concentration is related to the cultivar and its modifying through the processing. Polyphenols molecules are responsible together with other molecules of the astringency (not desirable in chocolate), but also are responsible for antioxidant properties, very desirable by consumers. This review focuses on aspects of the biosynthesis of these important molecules in cocoa beans as well as implications in taste and flavor. The changes of these molecules that occur during processing are also approached.
Asunto(s)
Alcaloides/biosíntesis , Cacao/química , Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Polifenoles/biosíntesis , Gusto , Fermentación , Manipulación de Alimentos/normas , Control de CalidadRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Ice cream is a product whose formulation requires considerable amounts of sugar. In addition to providing flavor, sugar contributes to the physicochemical characteristics of ice cream but its consumption in large quantities is related to chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. For this reason, the food industry seeks to formulate products with sweeteners that preserve the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the original product. Stevia rebaudiana is a plant that naturally contains glycosides with no calories and high sweetening capacity and it is considered safe for consumption. Therefore the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of replacing sugar with different levels of extracts of S. rebaudiana Morita II and Criolla, on the physicochemical and sensory properties of strawberry ice cream. Using a 2x2 factorial experimental design, a total of 4 formulations were prepared with two levels of concentration of the aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana (5 or 8%) and the variety of S. rebaudiana (Morita II or Criolla). Proximate composition, physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation were determined in processed products. The proximate analysis of strawberry ice cream varied significantly (P 0.05) depending of variety and level used on the formulation. The viscosities of all ice cream mixes were decreasing as the shear rate was increased, indicating a pseudoplastic behavior. The sensory analysis showed differences (P 0.05) among the formulations tested, however the score of all products were above the indifference point, suggesting that all of these formulations may have a commercial potential.
RESUMO: Sorvete é um produto cuja formulação requer quantidades consideráveis de açúcar. Além de proporcionar o sabor, o açúcar contribui para as propriedades físico-químicas do sorvete, mas o seu consumo em grandes quantidades está relacionada com as doenças crônicas, como diabetes e obesidade. Por essa razão, a indústria alimentícia buscou formular produtos com adoçantes para manter as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais do produto original. Stevia rebaudiana é uma planta que contém naturalmente glicosídeos sem calorias com alta capacidade adoçante, cujo consumo é considerado seguro. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do açúcar por diferentes níveis de extratos de S. rebaudiana Morita II e Criolla, sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais do sorvete de morango. Usando um modelo experimental de fator 2x2, um total de 4 formulações foram preparadas com 2 níveis de concentração de extrato aquoso de Stevia rebaudiana (5 ou 8%) e a variedade de Stevia (Morita II ou Criolla). Os produtos processados foram submetidos a análises proximais e físico-químicas, e avaliação sensorial foi realizada para três deles. A análise do sorvete de morango teve uma variação estatisticamente significativa (P 0,05), dependendo da variedade e do nível utilizado na formulação. A viscosidade da mistura de sorvete diminuía com o aumento da velocidade de corte, indicando um comportamento pseudoplástico. A análise sensorial mostrou que não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre as formulações avaliadas e a pontuação de todos os produtos estava acima do ponto de indiferença, indicando que todos eles podem ter um potencial comercial.
RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: the change in lifestyle and nutrition has led to growing obesity; in Mexico there has been significant increase in its prevalence. The problem was thought limited to adult population, but it also affects children, adolescents and young adults. Obesity at an early stage of life, subsequently leads to obesity in adult life. Apparently few attempts with College students have being reported. OBJECTIVES: relate the effect of anthropometry and physical condition with dietary habits, physical activity and smoking addiction in students of a public university of Mexico, in order to establish a diagnosis of their nutritional status. METHODS: one hundred and seventy eight students, were measured obtaining: body weight, height, waist and hip circumference, body composition and blood pressure. A questionnaire to determine their physical activity was applied, a dietary assessment was also collected and socioeconomic status was established. Data were analyzed statistically by the method of least squares. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: individuals classified as over-weighted, with obesity class 1 and class 2, accounted for 48.87% of the total population; more overweight and obesity was found in men compared with women, affecting negatively the value of blood pressure. This deteriorating health was attributable to poor eating habits: skipping breakfast and consumption of fast food. Smoking was revealed as a major risk factor since it adversely affected nutritional status.
Introducción: el cambio en el estilo de vida y la nutrición ha dado lugar a una creciente obesidad; en México se ha registrado un notable incremento en su prevalencia. El problema se creía limitado a la población adulta, pero también está presente en niños, adolescentes y en adultosjóvenes. La obesidad en una etapa inicial de la vida adulta, conlleva a su desarrollo posteriormente. Se han llevado a cabo pocos estudios con estudiantes universitarios. Objetivos: relacionar el efecto de la antropometría y de la condición física con los hábitos alimentarios, la actividad física y el tabaquismo de estudiantes de una universidad pública de México con la finalidad de establecer un diagnóstico del estado nutricional. Métodos: ciento setenta y ocho estudiantes participaron, obteniéndose su peso, altura, circunferencia de la cintura y cadera, composición corporal y presión arterial. Se aplicó un cuestionario para conocer su actividad física, se realizó una evaluación dietética y se estableció su nivel socioeconómico. Los datos se analizaron estadísticamente mediante el método de mínimos cuadrados. Resultados y Discusión: los individuos que se clasificaron en sobrepeso, obesidad clase 1 y obesidad clase 2, representaron el 48.87% del total, observándose más sobrepeso y obesidad en los hombres en comparación con las mujeres, reflejándose en un elevado valor de la presión arterial. Este deterioro en la salud se pudo atribuir a malos hábitos alimentarios como el hecho de no realizar el desayuno, así como dedicarle poco tiempo al consumo de alimentos, adquiriendo comida rápida. El tabaquismo se reveló como un factor de riesgo importante, ya que afectó negativamente al estado nutricional.
Asunto(s)
Estilo de Vida , Estado Nutricional , Vigilancia en Salud Pública , Estudiantes , Universidades , Antropometría , Composición Corporal , Ejercicio Físico , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Obesidad/epidemiología , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Fumar , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant compounds, antioxidant activity and content of individual phenolic compounds of freeze-dried peel from three tropical fruits grown in Yucatan, México: purple star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito L.), yellow cashew and red cashew (Anacardium occidentale). The freeze-dried peels were good source of antioxidant compounds. ABTS and DPPH values in the peel from each fruit were 3050.95-3322.31 µM Trolox/100g dry weight (DW) or 890.19-970.01 mg of vitamin C/100 g DW, and 1579.04-1680.90 µM Trolox/100 g DW or 340.18-362.18 mg of vitamin C/100 g DW, respectively. Six phenolic compounds were identified in the peel from the tropical fruits studied: ferulic, caffeic, sinapic, gallic, ellagic and myricetin. This study demonstrated that freeze-dried peels from purple star apple, yellow cashew and red cashew, could serve as potential sources of antioxidants for use in food and pharmaceutical industries.