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An analytical study based on Chilean birth records obtained from the Department of Statistics and Health Information (DEIS) was conducted. This study aimed to evaluate temporal trends in preterm births by maternal age in Chile from 1990 to 2018. Results show that the preterm birth rate in 1992 was 5.0% and increased to 7.2% in 2018. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was 1.44. Age groups at the extremes (19 and under and 35 and over) presented the highest rates of preterm birth, both at the beginning and at the end of the study period. The latter group showed a smaller decrease at the beginning (1992 to 1995), with an annual percentage change (APC) of -3.00. The probability of preterm birth in both groups was higher compared to the 20-34 year old group. Although Chile boasts some of the best maternal and child health indicators in the region, repercussions associated with the current postponement of maternity - including preterm birth - must be monitored.

Se realizó un estudio analítico con base en los registros poblacionales de nacimientos en Chile, obtenidos del Departamento de Estadística e Información en Salud (DEIS), con el objetivo de evaluar la tendencia temporal de los partos prematuros en Chile en el periodo 1990-2018, asociado a la edad de la madre. Los resultados muestran que, para el año 1992, la tasa de parto prematuro fue del 5,0%, aumentando a 7,2% en 2018. El promedio del porcentaje del cambio anual (PPCA) fue de 1,44. Los grupos etarios extremos ­menor o igual de 19 años y 35 y más años­ fueron los que presentaron las tasas de parto prematuro más altas, tanto al inicio y como al término del periodo, siendo este último grupo el que mostró una menor disminución al inicio del periodo (1992-1995), con porcentaje de cambio anual (PCA) de ­3,00. Para ambos grupos, la probabilidad de un parto prematuro fue mayor respecto del grupo de 20 a 34 años. Chile, presenta uno de los mejores indicadores de salud materna e infantil para la región; no obstante, dada la actual postergación de la maternidad, deben vigilarse las repercusiones asociadas, dentro de ellas un nacimiento prematuro.

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Procrastination is a phenomenon that affects university students and consists of not finishing a task or finishing it late, which has a direct impact on their academic performance. This is relevant because, in a context of high competition, higher education institutions and their decision-makers need to be aware of the factors that influence university students' procrastination in order to implement actions that favor student attraction and retention. Based on the above, this research aims to propose a theoretical model of procrastination in university students, based on the literature review and content validation assessment through a semi-structured questionnaire. The proposed model is made up of nine dimensions: Psychological, Physiological, Social, Academic, Leisure, Time Management, Resources, Labor, and Environmental. Dimensions were obtained based on adequate levels of content validity provided by the literature and the questionnaire. In the future, the research proposes to study the way in which these dimensions are present in procrastination and design a scale that allows for their measurement.

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RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio analítico con base en los registros poblacionales de nacimientos en Chile, obtenidos del Departamento de Estadística e Información en Salud (DEIS), con el objetivo de evaluar la tendencia temporal de los partos prematuros en Chile en el periodo 1990-2018, asociado a la edad de la madre. Los resultados muestran que, para el año 1992, la tasa de parto prematuro fue del 5,0%, aumentando a 7,2% en 2018. El promedio del porcentaje del cambio anual (PPCA) fue de 1,44. Los grupos etarios extremos -menor o igual de 19 años y 35 y más años- fueron los que presentaron las tasas de parto prematuro más altas, tanto al inicio y como al término del periodo, siendo este último grupo el que mostró una menor disminución al inicio del periodo (1992-1995), con porcentaje de cambio anual (PCA) de -3,00. Para ambos grupos, la probabilidad de un parto prematuro fue mayor respecto del grupo de 20 a 34 años. Chile, presenta uno de los mejores indicadores de salud materna e infantil para la región; no obstante, dada la actual postergación de la maternidad, deben vigilarse las repercusiones asociadas, dentro de ellas un nacimiento prematuro.

ABSTRACT An analytical study based on Chilean birth records obtained from the Department of Statistics and Health Information (DEIS) was conducted. This study aimed to evaluate temporal trends in preterm births by maternal age in Chile from 1990 to 2018. Results show that the preterm birth rate in 1992 was 5.0% and increased to 7.2% in 2018. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was 1.44. Age groups at the extremes (19 and under and 35 and over) presented the highest rates of preterm birth, both at the beginning and at the end of the study period. The latter group showed a smaller decrease at the beginning (1992 to 1995), with an annual percentage change (APC) of -3.00. The probability of preterm birth in both groups was higher compared to the 20-34 year old group. Although Chile boasts some of the best maternal and child health indicators in the region, repercussions associated with the current postponement of maternity - including preterm birth - must be monitored.

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There is vast evidence that accounts for the association between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and the probability of starting a business (PSB). However, there are not many studies that test how psychological factors moderate this relationship. A variable that has been little studied in this relationship is Grit. Grit is considered a personality trait defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Grit considers two sub-dimensions, one linked to the consistency of interests (Grit-Passion) and the other linked to perseverance in the effort (Grit-Perseverance). The objective of this article is to analyze the moderating role that both sub-dimensions of grit plays in the relationship between EO and PSB, considering its interaction with sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, and culture. This cross-sectional study has a sample of 1,761 participants, active workers (49.8% men; mean age 41.15 years, SD = 12.72 years; 22.9% Colombian and 77.1% Spanish). The EO scale and a Grit Scale were applied. In addition, participants were asked, based on their perception, how likely they were to start their own business within the next 5 years. A simple moderation analysis was considered to test the moderating role of grit in the relationship between EO and PSB. Subsequently, a double moderation analysis was carried out in order to identify which sociodemographic variables moderate the moderating effect of grit on the relationship in question. The results show that only the Grit-Passion component of grit moderates the relationship between EO and PSB. Regarding the sociodemographic variables, neither age, culture, nor gender showed a moderating effect on the moderation exercised by Grit-Passion in the relationship between OE and PSB. The results are discussed in terms of psychological capital, particularly with an emphasis on explaining why only the Grit-Passion shows a moderating effect on the relationship between EO and PSB, in detriment of Grit-Perseverance. In addition, the power of grit in the field of entrepreneurship is discussed, considering that its moderating effect is transversal to variations in age, gender and culture, as well as its relevance when considering interventions and pedagogical models in the field of entrepreneurship.

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Although the correlation between Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) and concrete actions to set up a business or the Probability of Starting a Business (PSB) has been widely studied, the psychological factors that can affect this relationship have not yet been sufficiently addressed in the field of entrepreneurship. One of them is curiosity. Both at theoretical and empirical level, a distinction are usually made between two types of curiosity. I-type curiosity is associated with the anticipated pleasure of discovering something new, and D-type curiosity is associated with reducing uncertainty and eliminating unwanted states of ignorance. Consequently, this paper aims to analyze the moderating role that the types of curiosity play in the relationship between EO and PSB, considering their interaction with sociodemographic variables. The sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of 1,761 participants (convenience sampling of active workers; 49.8% men; mean age 38.88 years, SD = 12.53 years; 22.9% Colombian and 77.1% Spanish). The EO scale and a curiosity scale were applied. In addition, participants were asked, based on their perception, how likely they were to start their own business within the next 5 years. A simple moderation analysis was considered to test the moderating role of both types of curiosity in the relationship between EO and PSB. Next, a double moderation analysis was carried out in order to identify, which sociodemographic variables moderate the moderating effect of curiosity. The results show that only the D-type component moderates the relationship between EO and PSB: The higher the D-type curiosity, the stronger the association between EO and PSB. In terms of sociodemographic variables, neither culture nor gender showed a moderating effect on the moderation exerted by D-type curiosity. While, age did moderate the moderating effect of D-type curiosity on the relationship between EO and PSB. Results are discussed in terms of spirituality (attitudes, practices, and behaviors) and the resolution of problems associated with the entrepreneurial process, considering cognitive and psychological factors, particularly with an emphasis on explaining why only D-type curiosity shows a moderating effect. Finally, the limitations of the study and potential future lines of research are pointed out.

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Meat is a source of protein widely consumed by the population in many countries due mainly to the nutritional aspects, sensory characteristics, and cultural aspects. The meat cooking preparation can promote significant changes in the meat's chemical composition and physical characteristics. Such transformations can impact both the acceptance of the product and consumers' health. Due to the different thermal processes altering the physical-chemical characteristics of meat, the present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of fillet steak submitted to different cooking methods: pan-frying with and without oil and air fryer. We performed the analysis to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics considering moisture, lipid, protein, ash, sodium, and potassium content, cooking loss index and colorimetry in three degrees of doneness of the meat, rare, medium, and well done. The fillet steak prepared by pan-frying with oil lost higher moisture and weight than the other samples. The air fryer method presented the highest moisture content. There was a significant difference in lipid content in which the pan-frying with oil fillet steak showed the highest amount of lipids. The pan-frying with oil steak fillet also presented more changes in the colorimetric parameters evaluated compared to the other samples. The pan-frying with oil cooking method promoted more pronounced changes in the steak fillet, and the cooking air fryer, the changes in meat quality are less pronounced. Therefore, the air fryer can be considered a good alternative for cooking meat.

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This study systematically reviewed the relationship between occupational risks and quality of life (QoL) and quality of work life (QWL) in hospitals. A systematic review was performed according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guide, and the protocol was submitted on the PROSPERO website (CRD 2019127865). The last search was performed in June 2021 by two independent reviewers in the main databases, a gray literature database, and a manual search (LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, Embase, Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, Ovid). As eligibility criteria, we included observational studies, with adult hospital workers, with no restrictions on date and language, any type of instrument to assess QoL and QWL, any definition of QoL and QWL, and studies that presented the relationship between exposure and outcome. Newcastle-Ottawa was used to assess the methodological quality and RTI-Item Bank to assess the risk of bias. Given the impossibility of performing a meta-analysis, a qualitative synthesis was used to present the results. Thus, 11 studies met the criteria and were included in the review, with 6923 individuals aged 18 to 64 years. The studies were mainly carried out with health professionals (81.81%), women (63.60%), and in Asian countries (63.63%). All studies used different instruments and ways to categorize the QoL and QWL, and occupational risks. Only one study assessed occupational noise and another the ergonomic risk. All of them presented a relationship between occupational risk and quality of work life. They pointed to the need for measures to improve the lives of these professionals in the work environment. Therefore, studies show a relationship between occupational risks (noise, ergonomics, and stress) and workers' perception of low or moderate quality of work life. However, more homogeneous studies are necessary for instruments, conceptualization, and categorization of quality of work life.

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This exploratory, nationwide cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the well-being of Portuguese nutritionists, in addition to outlining their professional and demographic profile. Descriptive analyses were carried out to determine the measures relating to centralising tendency and dispersion of the sample. We compared means and proportions through t-tests and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The sample size was 206 individuals, respecting a minimum of eight respondents per item to validate the instrument. We recruited Nutritionists from Portugal nationwide using the list of electronic mail provided by the Order of Nutritionists. We sent an electronic mail to all the Nutritionists registered in this Order. We also used messaging applications and social networks (Instagram, Facebook) to reach Nutritionists who were not accessing electronic mail. Most respondents are women (92.5%), young (mean age = 31.4 ± 8.07 years; 54.2% of participants aging under 30 years), single, and with no children. More than half are Catholic (73.8%) and have less than ten years of nutritionist undergraduate completion (55.4%). The only variable that influences well-being at work is the economic variable Household Monthly Income. Those who earn less than €500.00 per month perceive themselves at a lesser state of work well-being than those who earn from €2501.00 to €5000.00 per month.

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Vegetable consumption is associated with increased health benefits, and vegetables are consumed both in cooked form and raw form in salads. All cooking techniques cause changes in a vegetable's the nutrient content. Consumers are increasingly health-conscious and have less time to prepare meals, and they do not know which cooking times and cooking methods are best suited to preserve the nutrients. This study aimed to determine the best method of cooking vegetables to maintain minerals (potassium and sodium) and carotenoids. The studied vegetables were broccoli (Brassica oleracea, var. Italica), carrots (Daucus carota), and zucchini (Cucurbita moschata). The cooking methods were: boiling, steaming, combined oven, microwave steaming, and microwave cooking. Samples of organic and conventionally grown vegetables were prepared in triplicate. Samples were analyzed to determine the availability of target minerals and carotenoids in the raw food and in each recommended cooking situation according to technical standards. Only the carrot showed a higher concentration in organic cultivation for carotenoids in raw vegetables, with both zucchini and broccoli having higher concentrations when grown by conventional cultivation. The zucchini from organic cultivation presented a reduction of potassium and sodium, almost consistently, in all cooking techniques. Regarding the conventionally cultivated zucchini, potassium remained stable in boiling. Broccoli from organic and conventional cultivation showed similar potassium levels for boiling and traditional steam cooking. Organic carrots showed easier sodium extraction compared with conventional cultivation. Heat treatment, in general, improves the accessibility of carotenoids.

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The presence of milk in meals and products consumed daily is common and at the same time the adoption of a milk-free diet increases due to milk allergy, lactose intolerance, vegan diets, and others. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for plant-based beverages, which present variable and, sometimes, unknown nutritional characteristics. This study sought to compare the nutritional aspects of plant-based beverages used as substitutes for cow's milk described in scientific studies. Therefore, we used a review of the scientific literature on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Patents, Embase, and ScienceDirect databases. The inclusion criteria were scientific studies referring to plant-based beverage used as an alternative to cow's milk; published in the English language; present data on the serving size, ingredients, and nutritional composition, containing at least data on energy and macronutrients of plant-based beverages. Ingredients and data on energy, macronutrients, and, if available, dietary fiber and some micronutrients of plant-based beverages were collected. Data were obtained from 122 beverages of 22 different matrices, with soy being the most used (27.87%, n = 34). The variation in the amount of nutrients found was 6-183 Kcal/100 mL for energy value; 0.00-22.29 g/100 mL for carbohydrate; 0.06-12.43 g/100 mL for protein; 0.00-19.00 g/100 mL for lipid; 0.00-4.40 g/100 mL for dietary fiber; 0.00-1252.94 mg/100 mL for calcium; 0.04-1.40 mg/100 mL for iron; 0.84-10,178.60 mg/100 mL for magnesium; 0.00-343.43 mg/100 mL for sodium. Salt was the most commonly found added ingredient in plant-based beverages. Some beverages have reached certain amounts of cow's milk nutrients. However, studies have pointed out differences in their qualities/types. Thus, attention is needed when replacing milk with these alternatives.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of community restaurants (CRs), managed by the Government of the State of Bahia/Brazil, for the dimension of access to food. The study used secondary data obtained from the public opinion survey Profile of users of community restaurants in Salvador. The nutritional information was accessed through the analysis of CRs' menus. Adequate effectiveness of access to food was considered when the CR served meals to 50% to 70% of the users considered the target audience (individuals served by the two CRs located in the city of Salvador/Bahia/Brazil). The participants (n = 1464; 778 as low-income individuals) were adult CR users from Salvador/Brazil. Most of the respondents were male, 40 to 54 years old, not white, had up to 9 years of formal education, without a partner, and living in the municipality of Salvador. The evaluated CRs are effective in serving 53.1% of the target population in their total service capacity. Meal provision only reached an estimated 0.7% of the socially vulnerable community in the district. The average energy value of the meal served by the CR units was 853.05 kcal/meal, with a mean energy density composition classified as average (1.15 kcal/g). The effectiveness of the evaluated community restaurants showed that these instruments were minimally effective in promoting access to food for the low-income population within their total daily service capacity, and the current quantity of these facilities was insufficient. However, these instruments stand out in the fundamental role of promoting the daily distribution of meals to the Brazilian population with the highest social vulnerability levels.

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RESUMEN La presente investigación hace uso de la teor'a de grupos estratégicos para estudiar la dinámica competitiva de las universidades. En primer lugar; haciendo uso del análisis factorial exploratorio y con información del conjunto de universidades que al año 2014 operaban en Chile, se obtuvo que la dinámica competitiva del mercado universitario se determina por las dimensiones estratégicas: reputación, responsabilidad social, educación a distancia, ámbito, gobierno corporativo, infraestructura, y publicidad. En segundo lugar, se aplicó el análisis de clúster de k medias para obtener diez grupos estratégicos de universidades chilenas; las universidades se agrupan en estos clústeres de acuerdo con el posicionamiento que tienen en cada una de las dimensiones estratégicas. En tercer lugar, se hizo uso del análisis de correlación de Pearson y se concluyó que el desempeño de las universidades (medido por el incremento en la matrícula de pregrado y posgrado, posición en los rankings, arancel de las carreras, e indicadores financieros) es coherente con las decisiones y despliegue de recursos que hacen de las distintas dimensiones estratégicas. CÓDIGOS JEL: 1230, L100, L250, M100, M200.

ABSTRACT The present research is based on the theory of strategic groups to study the competitive dynamics of universities. First, using exploratory factor analysis and information from the set of universities that operated in Chile in 2014, it was found that the competitive dynamics of the university market is determined by the strategic dimensions: reputation, social responsibility on-line education, scope, corporate governance, infrastructure, and advertising. Secondly the cluster analysis of k-means was applied to obtain ten strategic groups of Chilean universities; the universities are grouped in these clusters according to the positioning they have in each of the strategic dimensions. Third, Pearson's correlation analysis was used, and it concluded that the performance of universities (measured by the increase in undergraduate and postgraduate enrollment, position in the rankings, career fees, and financial indicators) is consistent with the decisions and deployment of resources that make the different strategic dimensions. JEL CLASSIFICATION: 1230, L100, L250, M100, M200.

RESUMO A presente pesquisa faz uso da teoria de grupos estratégicos para estudar a dinâmica competitiva das universidades. Primeiro, utilizando análise fatorial exploratória e informações do conjunto de universidades que operaram no Chile em 2014, determinou-se que a dinâmica competitiva do mercado universitário é determinada pelas dimensões estratégicas: reputação, responsabilidade social, educação a distância, escopo, governança corporativa, infraestrutura e publicidade. Em segundo lugar, a análise de cluster da média k foi aplicada para obter dez grupos estratégicos de universidades chilenas; as universidades são agrupadas nesses clusters de acordo com o posicionamento que possuem em cada uma das dimensões estratégicas. Terceiro, utilizou-se a análise de correlação de Pearson e concluiu-se que o desempenho das universidades (medido pelo aumento da matrícula em cursos de graduação e pós-graduação, posição no ranking, taxas de carreira e indicadores financeiros) é consistente com as decisões e implantação de recursos que fazem as diferentes dimensões estratégicas. CLASSIFICAÇÕES JEL: 1230, L100, L250, M100, M200.

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The aim of this study is to: (1) examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Satisfaction with Life scale (SWLS) on a representative sample of the Chilean population (N = 1,500); (2) test the factorial invariance of the SWLS across gender and employment status (henceforth status); and (3) provide normative data of the SWLS for Chile. Results suggest that the Spanish version of the SWLS is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring global life satisfaction in Chile and for comparison across gender and status. Confirmatory factor analysis shows support, across all groups, for a modified single-factor structure of the SWLS that allows error terms of items 1 and 2 to correlate (GFI > .98; RMSEA .99; RMSEA < .06). Metric invariance holds for gender (ΔCFI = 0; RMSEA = .051) and status (Δχ2 = 23.93, nonsignificant; ∆CFI = 0; RMSEA = .045). Scalar invariance holds for gender and some status combinations; partial scalar invariance holds for the rest. Mean levels of life satisfaction can be compared across gender and status, albeit cautiously for status combinations for which scalar invariance does not hold.

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This article examines the subjective antecedents of life satisfaction of workers. Adopting a 'bottom-up' perspective, we assessed the unique influence that satisfaction with multiple life domains have on evaluative judgments of overall life satisfaction. Based on a nationwide sample of 530 Chilean workers, we simultaneously tested the effects of seven life domain satisfactions that have been consistently included in extant models of life satisfaction and subjective well-being. These were satisfaction with health, financial situation, social relationships, one's self-worth, leisure-time, family, and work. Having controlled for age and gender, results showed that satisfaction with one's financial situation was the dominant predictor of overall life satisfaction of workers, with a weight of .36. Satisfaction with family, work, and health had effects of .25, .14, and .14, respectively. Interestingly, satisfaction with one's self-worth, leisure-time, and social relationships did not have statistically significant effects on life satisfaction, although the first two showed t values near the critical value.

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La participación política de los jóvenes ha decrecido en los últimos años, en especial en aquellos países con democracias consolidadas. Considerando esto, la presente investigación se plantea como objetivo estudiar el comportamiento político de los jóvenes a través de la teoría de personalidad de marca. Se pretende analizar el descontento de los jóvenes hacia la política a través de los rasgos de personalidad humana que atribuyen a los partidos políticos. Se evaluó la personalidad de marca de los ocho principales partidos políticos de Chile a través de un modelo compuesto por las siguientes dimensiones: sinceridad, ambición, competencia, estimulante, tradicional, sofisticado, rudeza y elitistas. Los resultados permiten concluir que aun cuando los partidos políticos difieren en sus atributos de personalidad, comparten en común que son considerados como no competentes.

Political participation among young people has decreased in the last few years, especially in those countries with consolidated democracies. Considering this, the present research tackles as its main objective the study of the political behavior of young people by means of the theory of brand personality. We intend to analyze discontent towards politics among young people through the human personality traits attributed to political parties. The brand personality of the 8 main political parties in Chile was evaluated by means of a model made up of the following dimensions: sincere, ambitious, competent, stimulating, traditional, sophisticated, tough and elitist. The results enable us to conclude that even when political parties differ in their personality attributes, they share a common ground: they are all considered not competent.

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En este trabajo analizamos los significados que los jóvenes y las jóvenes de Chile de bajos recursos atribuyen a la compra, uso y tenencia de un celular. La investigación cualitativa utilizada no sólo nos permitió descubrir las necesidades que los sujetos jóvenes buscan satisfacer con la compra y/o uso de un celular, sino también los factores socioculturales que determinan este comportamiento de compra. La importancia del presente no es sólo por la pretensión de ser un estudio sociológico sobre la conducta de compra, uso y tenencia de celular por parte de los jóvenes y las jóvenes de Chile de menores recursos, sino también porque constituye una poderosa herramienta para comprender los problemas sociales relacionados con este hecho.

This study examines the value that Chilean teenagers low socio-economic status give to the purchase, use and possession of a cell phone. The qualitative approach used in this paper doesn't just allow an understanding of the needs that teenager are trying to satisfy, but also allows the identification of the socio-cultural factors behind their purchasing behavior. This paper is worthy because it is not just a sociological characterization of the purchasing behavior of teenagers of low socio-economic status in Chile, but it also provides a powerful tool to understand the social problems related to this issue.

Este trabalho analisaos significados que os jovens chilenos de baixa renda atribuem à compra, uso e possede um celular. A pesquisa qualitativa realizada, não só permitiu descobriras necessidades que os jovens buscam satisfazer com a compra e/ou uso de um celular, mas também os fatores socioculturais que determinam o seu comportamento de compra. A importância da presente pesquisa não está somente naintenção de ser um estudo sociológico sobre o comportamento de compra, uso e possede celular pelos jovens chilenos de baixa renda, mas também consiste em uma poderosa ferramenta para compreender os problemas sociais relacionados a esse fato.

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