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We investigated whether highly available organic residues in Brazil can be used as substrates for the production of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, instead of the conventional cultivation using the eucalyptus sawdust substrate. We assessed the mushroom yield on 13 substrates, of which 12 were formulated with different concentrations of organic residues and one with pure eucalyptus sawdust, and verified whether the raw material used in the substrate formula and the concentration of such alternative residues influenced their biological efficiencies. Substrates containing eucalyptus bark resulted in higher mushroom yield than those containing eucalyptus sawdust, which generally resulted in similar mushroom yield to the remaining formulas. Moreover, the raw material and the concentration of each residue affected the biological efficiency of the substrates. We show that the conventional substrate for P. ostreatus can be replaced by substrates easily accessible to producers without loss in productivity. Furthermore, that the concentration of these mixtures affects the mushroom productivity and should be considered when formulating the growth medium.

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Hyperspectral data encode information from electromagnetic radiation (i.e., color) of any object in the form of a spectral signature; these data can then be used to distinguish among materials or even map whole landscapes. Although hyperspectral data have been mostly used to study landscape ecology, floral diversity and many other applications in the natural sciences, we propose that spectral signatures can be used for rapid assessment of faunal biodiversity, akin to DNA barcoding and metabarcoding. We demonstrate that spectral signatures of individual, live fish specimens can accurately capture species and clade-level differences in fish coloration, specifically among piranhas and pacus (Family Serrasalmidae), fishes with a long history of taxonomic confusion. We analyzed 47 serrasalmid species and could distinguish spectra among different species and clades, with the method sensitive enough to document changes in fish coloration over ontogeny. Herbivorous pacu spectra were more like one another than they were to piranhas; however, our method also documented interspecific variation in pacus that corresponds to cryptic lineages. While spectra do not serve as an alternative to the collection of curated specimens, hyperspectral data of fishes in the field should help clarify which specimens might be unique or undescribed, complementing existing molecular and morphological techniques.

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Genus and species of phlebotomine sand flies have been recorded and described in caves in Brazil, but no study has provided the food source used by sand flies in these environments. Herein, we identified the blood source used by sand fly species in caves located at "Quadrilátero Ferrífero" (QF), Minas Gerais state. Specimens were manually collected near or on anurans inside ferruginous caves in Serra do Gandarela National Park and Serra do Rola Moça State Park. Males and females were placed in vials with 70% alcohol and stored at -10°C. Females engorged, after specific identification, had DNA extracted and followed for PCR amplification using specific primers. Sequencing was analyzed in the GenBank and Barcode of Life. A total of 198 specimens were collected (107 females and 91 males), all of them belonging to species Sciopemyia aff. microps (88.89%), Sciopemyia sordellii (10.61%), or Martinsmyia oliveirai (0.50%). When it comes to the females, 89 were S. aff. microps and 18 S. sordellii. Nineteen engorged females of S. aff. microps were analyzed and most of them (n=18) presented blood from Bokermannohyla martinsi and one contained blood from Scinax fuscovarius. The blood present in engorged females of S. sordellii (n=4) was from B. martinsi. Sciopemyia genus specimens are commonly found in collections carried out inside natural caves, but this was the first study to prove that females of this genus feed on cold-blooded animals in nature. HIGHLIGHTS: • Here we proved that sand flies feed in cold-blooded animals in in Brazilian caves. • Females of the Sciopemyia genus were for the first time found feeding in natural habitats. • Anurans of the family Hylidae were identified as source by molecular analyzes. • Insect bloodmeal identification can help assessing the fauna in several biomes. • This is the first record of S. aff. microps in caves of Brazil.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate effects of 0.05% brilliant blue on corneal endothelium of horses. Thirty-eight corneas of 19 horses, male or female, of different ages were studied. Corneas were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1: Corneal endothelium was covered with 0.3mL of brilliant blue 0.05% for 60 seconds followed by rinsing with a balanced salt solution. Group 2: Corneal endothelium was covered with BSS for 60 seconds. The corneas were excised with an 8mm trephine and prepared to analyze posterior endothelial surface using a light microscope (24 corneas) and a scanning electron microscope (14 corneas). The equine posterior corneal endothelium surface observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed a continuous layer of polygonal cells of uniform size and shape in both the control and treatment groups. Due to non-normal residuals at ANOVA mean comparison, a generalized linear model was utilized at 5% level of significance. The chi-square test stated that treatment and control group were not different statistically. The 0.05% brilliant blue did not cause damage to equine corneal endothelium.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos imediatos de uma solução de 0,05% de azul brilhante sobre o endotélio da córnea de equinos. Trinta e oito córneas de 19 cavalos, machos ou fêmeas, de diferentes idades foram estudadas. As córneas foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos. Grupo 1: O endotélio corneano foi perfundido com 0,3mL de azul brilhante 0,05% durante 60 segundos seguido por irrigação com uma solução salina balanceada. Grupo 2: O endotélio corneano foi perfundido com BSS durante 60 segundos. As córneas foram posteriormente excisadas com trépano de 8mm e preparadas para análise endotelial utilizando um microscópio óptico (24 córneas) e um microscópio eletrônico de varredura (14 córneas). A análise da superfície posterior do endotélio da córnea equina observada por microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura revelou uma camada contínua de células poligonais de tamanho e forma uniformes tanto no grupo controle quanto no grupo tratamento. Devido aos resíduos não normais na comparação da média de ANOVA, utilizou-se um modelo linear generalizado com nível de significância de 5%. Evidenciou-se com o teste qui-quadrado que não houve diferença estatística entre o grupo controle e o grupo tratamento. O azul brilhante de 0,05% não causou dano ao endotélio corneano de equinos.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate effects of 0.05% brilliant blue on corneal endothelium of horses. Thirty-eight corneas of 19 horses, male or female, of different ages were studied. Corneas were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1: Corneal endothelium was covered with 0.3mL of brilliant blue 0.05% for 60 seconds followed by rinsing with a balanced salt solution. Group 2: Corneal endothelium was covered with BSS for 60 seconds. The corneas were excised with an 8mm trephine and prepared to analyze posterior endothelial surface using a light microscope (24 corneas) and a scanning electron microscope (14 corneas). The equine posterior corneal endothelium surface observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed a continuous layer of polygonal cells of uniform size and shape in both the control and treatment groups. Due to non-normal residuals at ANOVA mean comparison, a generalized linear model was utilized at 5% level of significance. The chi-square test stated that treatment and control group were not different statistically. The 0.05% brilliant blue did not cause damage to equine corneal endothelium.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos imediatos de uma solução de 0,05% de azul brilhante sobre o endotélio da córnea de equinos. Trinta e oito córneas de 19 cavalos, machos ou fêmeas, de diferentes idades foram estudadas. As córneas foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos. Grupo 1: O endotélio corneano foi perfundido com 0,3mL de azul brilhante 0,05% durante 60 segundos seguido por irrigação com uma solução salina balanceada. Grupo 2: O endotélio corneano foi perfundido com BSS durante 60 segundos. As córneas foram posteriormente excisadas com trépano de 8mm e preparadas para análise endotelial utilizando um microscópio óptico (24 córneas) e um microscópio eletrônico de varredura (14 córneas). A análise da superfície posterior do endotélio da córnea equina observada por microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura revelou uma camada contínua de células poligonais de tamanho e forma uniformes tanto no grupo controle quanto no grupo tratamento. Devido aos resíduos não normais na comparação da média de ANOVA, utilizou-se um modelo linear generalizado com nível de significância de 5%. Evidenciou-se com o teste qui-quadrado que não houve diferença estatística entre o grupo controle e o grupo tratamento. O azul brilhante de 0,05% não causou dano ao endotélio corneano de equinos.(AU)

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Myleus pachyodus, a new serrasalmid species, is described from the Rio Teles Pires and Rio Jamanxim, both tributaries of the Rio Tapajós in Mato Grosso and Pará states, Brazil. The new species differs from all congeners by having a remarkable ontogenetic thickening of the teeth shifting from slender incisiform in juveniles to thick bulky teeth at standard length ≥ 100 mm, whereas congeners present slender, antero-posteriorly flat teeth throughout all life stages. The new species further differs from congeners by having 18-20 branched dorsal-fin rays, by the lack of a diastema between contralateral outer series of premaxillary teeth and by the presence of 16-25 prepelvic spines, with the anteriormost spine never reaching the vertical through the pectoral-fin origin.

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The temperature control in the processing room is one of the major factors associated with the production of safe food with a satisfactory microbiological quality. A total of 288 samples of skinless chicken breast meat were placed in a cutting room, subjected to four different temperatures (12ºC, 14ºC, 16ºC and 18ºC) and collected to evaluate the influence of the room temperature on the microbiological quality during the cutting and boning of chicken breasts. Aerobic mesophilic microorganisms were counted to evaluate the environmental contamination. In addition, coliforms at 35ºC and 45ºC and Staphylococcus spp. were counted, and an analysis for the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins and Salmonella spp. was performed to determine the microbiological quality of the meat. The results showed an increase in environmental contamination (P=0.01) with an increase in room temperature. However, no significant differences (P˃0.05) were observed in the meat cuts regarding the counts of coliforms at 35ºC and 45ºC, the count of Staphylococcus spp. and the presence of Salmonella spp. Moreover, no staphylococcal enterotoxins were detected in the samples analyzed. Thus, despite increasing the environmental contamination, the increase in the cutting room temperature did not affect the microbiological quality of the final product.(AU)

O controle da temperatura do ambiente de processamento é um dos principais fatores relacionados à produção de alimentos seguros e com qualidade microbiológica. Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da temperatura ambiente durante o corte e a desossa da carne de frangos sobre a qualidade microbiológica dos produtos finais, foram coletadas 288 amostras de carne de peito de frango sem pele, obtidas em uma sala de cortes climatizada submetida a quatro diferentes temperaturas ambientes (12ºC, 14ºC, 16ºC e 18ºC). Para avaliação da contaminação ambiental, foi realizada a contagem de microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios e, para a avaliação da qualidade microbiológica da carne, foram realizadas a contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, a contagem de Staphylococcus spp., a pesquisa de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas e a pesquisa de Salmonella spp. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram um aumento da contaminação ambiental (P=0,01) à medida que a temperatura da sala foi aumentada. Porém, nos cortes cárneos, não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P˃0,05) na contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, na contagem de Staphylococcus spp. e na pesquisa de Salmonella spp. Também não foi detectada a presença de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas nas amostras analisadas. Foi concluído que, apesar da elevação da contaminação ambiental, o aumento da temperatura ambiente da sala de cortes não comprometeu a qualidade microbiológica do produto final.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To design a clinical process model in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer in order to improve accessibility to this treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on modified Participatory Action Research, a model design process was conducted using a literature review and meetings with organisations committed to the redesigning process, and to agree an improved and feasible process. RESULTS: The process map was constructed by participatory action including, characterisation of the value chain, fault detection in the flow of the process, relevant documents and process for proposing modifications and approvals necessary for this purpose. Links were established between the main process and the support and strategic processes. The participatory model helped to cut the waiting times for diagnosis and treatment of this disease from 12 to 4 months. CONCLUSIONS: For each unit to be able to fully visualise the map of the process and understand their contribution as a set of integrated contributions and not fragmented, helps in the comprehensive management of patients and operation processes based on the hierarchical and dominant organisational model in Chilean hospitals. To analyse and remodel clinical processes by participatory action helps to limit failures in the fluidity of care of the patients, by presenting each participating unit with a general view of the process, the problems, and the possible solutions. Furthermore, this approach helps to clarify the process in order to make it more efficient, to harmonise relationships, and to improve coordination in order to optimise patient care.

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Two new species of Tometes from the Brazilian Shield rapids are described. Tometes kranponhah is endemic to the Xingu River basin, whereas Tometes ancylorhynchus occurs both in the Xingu and the Tocantins-Araguaia River basins. The two species are sympatric in the Xingu drainages and have many similarities in morphology and colouration. Major diagnostic differences are the dark pigmentation on the opercle of T. kranponhah and its distinct snout shape and arrangement of premaxillary teeth. In addition, T. kranponhah is a large fish that is abundant in the Xingu River, whereas T. ancylorhynchus is a medium-sized fish for which there are few records.

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The temperature control in the processing room is one of the major factors associated with the production of safe food with a satisfactory microbiological quality. A total of 288 samples of skinless chicken breast meat were placed in a cutting room, subjected to four different temperatures (12ºC, 14ºC, 16ºC and 18ºC) and collected to evaluate the influence of the room temperature on the microbiological quality during the cutting and boning of chicken breasts. Aerobic mesophilic microorganisms were counted to evaluate the environmental contamination. In addition, coliforms at 35ºC and 45ºC and Staphylococcus spp. were counted, and an analysis for the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins and Salmonella spp. was performed to determine the microbiological quality of the meat. The results showed an increase in environmental contamination (P=0.01) with an increase in room temperature. However, no significant differences (P˃0.05) were observed in the meat cuts regarding the counts of coliforms at 35ºC and 45ºC, the count of Staphylococcus spp. and the presence of Salmonella spp. Moreover, no staphylococcal enterotoxins were detected in the samples analyzed. Thus, despite increasing the environmental contamination, the increase in the cutting room temperature did not affect the microbiological quality of the final product.(AU)

O controle da temperatura do ambiente de processamento é um dos principais fatores relacionados à produção de alimentos seguros e com qualidade microbiológica. Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da temperatura ambiente durante o corte e a desossa da carne de frangos sobre a qualidade microbiológica dos produtos finais, foram coletadas 288 amostras de carne de peito de frango sem pele, obtidas em uma sala de cortes climatizada submetida a quatro diferentes temperaturas ambientes (12ºC, 14ºC, 16ºC e 18ºC). Para avaliação da contaminação ambiental, foi realizada a contagem de microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios e, para a avaliação da qualidade microbiológica da carne, foram realizadas a contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, a contagem de Staphylococcus spp., a pesquisa de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas e a pesquisa de Salmonella spp. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram um aumento da contaminação ambiental (P=0,01) à medida que a temperatura da sala foi aumentada. Porém, nos cortes cárneos, não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P˃0,05) na contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, na contagem de Staphylococcus spp. e na pesquisa de Salmonella spp. Também não foi detectada a presença de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas nas amostras analisadas. Foi concluído que, apesar da elevação da contaminação ambiental, o aumento da temperatura ambiente da sala de cortes não comprometeu a qualidade microbiológica do produto final.(AU)

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This study reports on the length-weight relationships and condition factor for the endangered rheophilic fish Ossubtus xinguense Jégu from Rio Xingu rapids. This species is threatened by construction of the third largest hydroelectric in the world, the Belo Monte dam close to the city of Altamira, northern Brazil. Specimens were collected in the dry season between July 2012 and September 2012. Male specimens have body length larger than females, atypical in serrasalmid fishes, and different length-weight relationships were found between adult and juvenile specimens. This study presents the first biological characteristics for O. xinguense.

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This study reports on the length-weight relationships and condition factor for the endangered rheophilic fish Ossubtus xinguense Jégu from Rio Xingu rapids. This species is threatened by construction of the third largest hydroelectric in the world, the Belo Monte dam close to the city of Altamira, northern Brazil. Specimens were collected in the dry season between July 2012 and September 2012. Male specimens have body length larger than females, atypical in serrasalmid fishes, and different length-weight relationships were found between adult and juvenile specimens. This study presents the first biological characteristics for O. xinguense.(AU)

Este estudo relata as relações peso–comprimento e fator de condição para o peixe reofílico ameaçado de extinção Ossubtus xinguense Jégu. Esta espécie, endêmica das corredeiras do Rio Xingu, é ameaçada pela construção da terceira maior hidrelétrica do mundo, denominada Belo Monte localizada às proximidades da cidade de Altamira, norte do Brasil. Os espécimes foram coletados na estação seca do rio, entre julho e setembro de 2012. Espécimes machos apresentaram tamanho corporal maior que fêmeas, condição atípica entre os peixes serrasalmídeos, e diferentes relações peso–comprimento foram encontradas entre espécimes juvenis e adultos. Este estudo apresenta as primeiras características biológicas para O. xinguense.(AU)

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This study reports on the length-weight relationships and condition factor for the endangered rheophilic fish Ossubtus xinguense Jégu from Rio Xingu rapids. This species is threatened by construction of the third largest hydroelectric in the world, the Belo Monte dam close to the city of Altamira, northern Brazil. Specimens were collected in the dry season between July 2012 and September 2012. Male specimens have body length larger than females, atypical in serrasalmid fishes, and different length-weight relationships were found between adult and juvenile specimens. This study presents the first biological characteristics for O. xinguense.

Este estudo relata as relações peso–comprimento e fator de condição para o peixe reofílico ameaçado de extinção Ossubtus xinguense Jégu. Esta espécie, endêmica das corredeiras do Rio Xingu, é ameaçada pela construção da terceira maior hidrelétrica do mundo, denominada Belo Monte localizada às proximidades da cidade de Altamira, norte do Brasil. Os espécimes foram coletados na estação seca do rio, entre julho e setembro de 2012. Espécimes machos apresentaram tamanho corporal maior que fêmeas, condição atípica entre os peixes serrasalmídeos, e diferentes relações peso–comprimento foram encontradas entre espécimes juvenis e adultos. Este estudo apresenta as primeiras características biológicas para O. xinguense.

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Chondrichthyes have become an important economic resource in the last decades, with Argentina as one of the countries that exploits more sharks and skates, even at levels that exceed de limits of many species. However, there is a scarce knowledge of the reproductive biology of this group, particularly from species inhabiting the Southern hemisphere. This work shows the most relevant facts during folliculogenesis in Sympterygia bonapartii. Results show that germinal cells are present in immature and maturing females. The most important facts that vary along de follicular development are the number of types and layers of follicular cells, the establishment of thin projections from the follicular cells and the degree of development of the thecae. Follicular cells are, at least, of two different types and both of them emit projections that break through the zona pellucida. The outer theca shows signs of synthetic activity. Atretic follicles of different sizes are present in exemplars of all the reproductive stages. These results are discussed in a physiological and adaptive context.

Los Condrictios se han convertido en un recurso económico importante en las últimas décadas, siendo Argentina uno de los países que más explota tiburones y rayas, incluso a niveles que exceden los límites de varias especies. A pesar de esto, es poco lo que se conoce sobre la biología reproductiva de este grupo, particularmente en especies del Hemisferio Sur. En este trabajo se estudian los estadios más relevantes de la foliculogénesis en Sympterygia bonapartii. Los resultados muestran que las ovogonias están presentes tanto en ejemplares inmaduros como subadultos. Las características más importantes que varían a lo largo del desarrollo folicular son el número de capas y tipos celulares que constituyen el epitelio folicular, el desarrollo de proyecciones de las células de la granulosa y el grado de desarrollo de las tecas. Las células foliculares son, al menos, de dos tipos y ambos emiten proyecciones que atraviesan la zona pelúcida. La teca externa presenta características compatibles con la actividad sintética. Folículos atrésicos de distintos tamaños están presentes en ejemplares de todos los estadios de madurez sexual. Estos resultados se discuten en un marco fisiológico y adaptativo.

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O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento micelial, em placa de Petri, de dois fungos comestíveis (Pleurotus ostreatus e Lentinula edodes) em seis meios de cultura [(malte-ágar, serragemdextrose-ágar-marupá (SDA-MA), serragem-dextrose-ágar-cajuí (SDA-CA), serragem-dextroseágar-açaí (SDA-AÇA), serragem-dextrose-ágar-banana 50% (BAN 50%) e serragem-dextroseágar-banana 100% (BAN 100%)]. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 x 2. Cada tratamento constou de seis repetições, correspondente a uma placa de Petri, totalizando 72 unidades experimentais. Verificou-se que, em todos os meios à base de resíduos, o P. ostreatus apresentou um melhor desenvolvimento micelial (81,00; 64,66; 81,00; 50,16; e 33,33 mm, para SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% e BAN 100%, respectivamente) que o L. edodes (32,00; 31,66; 27,66; 37,33; e 21,83 mm, para SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% e BAN 100%, respectivamente). Também constatou-se que, para os L. edodes, não houve vantagem, em relação ao crescimento micelial, no uso de meios à base de resíduos comparado ao meio malteágar (testemunha), o qual obteve o melhor desempenho (62,17mm). Já para o P. ostreatus, os meios SDA-MA e SDA-AÇA apresentaram as maiores médias de crescimento (81 mm), o que representa um incremento de crescimento de 34% em relação ao meio testemunha (malte-ágar), cujo média de crescimento foi de 60,33mm. Assim, de uma forma geral, os resíduos testados indicam potencial de aproveitamento na fungicultura, especialmente para o cultivo de P. ostreatus.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the mycelial growth of 2 edible fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes) in 6 culture media [(malt-agar, sawdustdextrose-agar-marupá (SDA-MA), sawdust-dextrose-agar-cajuí (SDA-CA), sawdust-dextrose-agaraçaí (SDA-AÇA), sawdust-dextrose-agar-banana 50% (BAN 50%) and sawdust-dextrose-agar-banana 100% (BAN 100%)], in Petri dishes. The experimental design was totally randomized, in a 6x2 factorial scheme. Each treatment consisted of six repetitions in 1 Petri dish, totaling 72 experimental units. It was verified that P. ostreatus presented better mycelial development (81.00; 64.66; 81.00; 50.16 and 33.33mm for SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% and BAN 100%, respectively) than L. edodes (32.00; 31.66; 27.66; 37.33 and 21.83mm for SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% and BAN 100%, respectively). It was also verified that there was no advantage for L. edodes in relation to mycelial growth, when media based on residues were used, compared to malt-agar medium (control), which obtained the best performance (62.17mm). As for P. ostreatus, SDA-MA and SDA-AÇA medium presented the highest growth averages (81 mm), representing a growth increase of 34% in relation to the control medium (malt-agar), whose growth average was 60.33mm. Thus, the residues tested present potential to be used in fungiculture, especially for the cultivation of P. ostreatus.

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Purpose. To analyze the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) in Uberlandia, MG, Brazil. Methods. A historical cohort study was performed encompassing a ten-year period from January 1994 to January 2004 in the Department of Pediatric Nephrology at a full-service hospital; demographic factors, triggering factors, time of hospitalization, supportive therapy, and disease progression were analyzed. Results. Twenty-seven children aged 5 to 99 months (median age of 14 months) were studied; 70.4% were male. Of the 27 patients, 77.8% were from urban areas and 18.5% were from rural areas. Eight of the patients (29.6%) were reported to drink raw milk, and clinical diarrhea was reported in 81.5% of cases. The most common signs and symptoms were fever and vomiting (85.1%), anuria (63.0%), seizure (33.0%), cardiac involvement (11.0%), and acute pulmonary edema (7.4%). Dialysis was performed on 20 patients (74%). The mean hospital stay was 24 days (range: 13 to 36 days). While monitoring the patients, 2 died (7.4%), 3 developed chronic kidney disease (11.0%), and 21 (77.8%) developed hypertension. Conclusion. Our results emphasize the possibility of diagnosing HUS as a cause of renal failure in childhood in both typical (postdiarrheal) and atypical forms and suggest that an investigation of the etiological agent should be made whenever possible.

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O efeito dos fungos contaminantes Trichoderma sp. e Chaetomium olivacearum foi avaliado no cultivo dos isolados ABL 99/30 e ABL 04/49 de A. blazei, em duas formulações de composto, à base de palhas de tyfton (Cynodom dactylon) e aveia (Avena sativa). O delineamento experimental foi em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 3, inteiramente casualizado, com 6 repetições cada. A unidade experimental constou de 12 ­ 12,5 kg de composto úmido. Nos tratamentos envolvendo o Trichoderma sp. e o C. olivacearum durante a inoculação do A. blazei, foram adicionados 150 g de inóculo de cada um destes fungos contaminantes no momento da inoculação do A. blazei. O experimento foi conduzido em câmara climatizada, com umidade relativa entre 75-90% e temperatura média de 28 ºC. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se que as médias de produtividade do isolado ABL 99/30 de A. blazei foram superiores às do isolado ABL 04/49; os fungos contaminantes C. olivacearum e Trichoderma sp. influenciaram negativamente na produção do A. blazei e os diferentes compostos (à base de palha de tyfton e aveia) não influenciaram na produção de basidiomas.

The effect of the contaminant fungi Trichoderma sp. and Chaetomium olivacearum on the cultivation of the ABL 99/30 and ABL 04/49 isolates of A. blazei in two compost formulations made up with tyfton (Cynodom dactylon) and oat (Avena sativa) was evaluated. The experimental design was a totally randomized 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design with 6 repetitions. The experimental unit consisted of 12-12.5 kg of wet compost. During the spawning, 150 g of Trichoderma sp. and C. olivacearum were added to the compost. The experiment was carried out in a climatized room, with humidity between 75-90% and temperature of 28º C. The productivity averages of the ABL 99/30 isolate of A. blazei were higher than those of ABL 04/49 and Trichoderma sp. and C. olivacearum negatively influenced the production of A. blazei. The different composts (based on tyfton and oat straw) did not influence the production of basidiomata.

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ABSTRACT The effect of the contaminant fungi Trichoderma sp. and Chaetomium olivacearum on the cultivation of the ABL 99/30 and ABL 04/49 isolates of A. blazei in two compost formulations made up with tyfton (Cynodom dactylon) and oat (Avena sativa) was evaluated. The experimental design was a totally randomized 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design with 6 repetitions. The experimental unit consisted of 12-12.5 kg of wet compost. During the spawning, 150 g of Trichoderma sp. and C. olivacearum were added to the compost. The experiment was carried out in a climatized room, with humidity between 75-90% and temperature of 28º C. The productivity averages of the ABL 99/30 isolate of A. blazei were higher than those of ABL 04/49 and Trichoderma sp. and C. olivacearum negatively influenced the production of A. blazei. The different composts (based on tyfton and oat straw) did not influence the production of basidiomata.

RESUMO O efeito dos fungos contaminantes Trichoderma sp. e Chaetomium olivacearum foi avaliado no cultivo dos isolados ABL 99/30 e ABL 04/49 de A. blazei, em duas formulações de composto, à base de palhas de tyfton (Cynodom dactylon) e aveia (Avena sativa). O delineamento experimental foi em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 3, inteiramente casualizado, com 6 repetições cada. A unidade experimental constou de 12 12,5 kg de composto úmido. Nos tratamentos envolvendo o Trichoderma sp. e o C. olivacearum durante a inoculação do A. blazei, foram adicionados 150 g de inóculo de cada um destes fungos contaminantes no momento da inoculação do A. blazei. O experimento foi conduzido em câmara climatizada, com umidade relativa entre 75-90% e temperatura média de 28 ºC. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se que as médias de produtividade do isolado ABL 99/30 de A. blazei foram superiores às do isolado ABL 04/49; os fungos contaminantes C. olivacearum e Trichoderma sp. influenciaram negativamente na produção do A. blazei e os diferentes compostos (à base de palha de tyfton e aveia) não influenciaram na produção de basidiomas.

RESUMEN

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the mycelial growth of 2 edible fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes) in 6 culture media [(malt-agar, sawdust-dextrose-agar-marupá (SDA-MA), sawdust-dextrose-agar-cajuí (SDA-CA), sawdust-dextrose-agar-açaí (SDA-AÇA), sawdust-dextrose-agar-banana 50% (BAN 50%) and sawdust-dextrose-agar-banana 100% (BAN 100%)], in Petri dishes. The experimental design was totally randomized, in a 6x2 factorial scheme. Each treatment consisted of six repetitions in 1 Petri dish, totaling 72 experimental units. It was verified that P. ostreatus presented better mycelial development (81.00; 64.66; 81.00; 50.16 and 33.33mm for SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% and BAN 100%, respectively) than L. edodes (32.00; 31.66; 27.66; 37.33 and 21.83mm for SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% and BAN 100%, respectively). It was also verified that there was no advantage for L. edodes in relation to mycelial growth, when media based on residues were used, compared to malt-agar medium (control), which obtained the best performance (62.17mm). As for P. ostreatus, SDA-MA and SDA-AÇA medium presented the highest growth averages (81 mm), representing a growth increase of 34% in relation to the control medium (malt-agar), whose growth average was 60.33mm. Thus, the residues tested present potential to be used in fungiculture, especially for the cultivation of P. ostreatus.

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento micelial, em placa de Petri, de dois fungos comestíveis (Pleurotus ostreatus e Lentinula edodes) em seis meios de cultura [(malte-ágar, serragem-dextrose-ágar-marupá (SDA-MA), serragem-dextrose-ágar-cajuí (SDA-CA), serragem-dextrose-ágar-açaí (SDA-AÇA), serragem-dextrose-ágar-banana 50% (BAN 50%) e serragem-dextrose-ágar-banana 100% (BAN 100%)]. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 x 2. Cada tratamento constou de seis repetições, correspondente a uma placa de Petri, totalizando 72 unidades experimentais. Verificou-se que, em todos os meios à base de resíduos, o P. ostreatus apresentou um melhor desenvolvimento micelial (81,00; 64,66; 81,00; 50,16; e 33,33 mm, para SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% e BAN 100%, respectivamente) que o L. edodes (32,00; 31,66; 27,66; 37,33; e 21,83 mm, para SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% e BAN 100%, respectivamente). Também constatou-se que, para os L. edodes, não houve vantagem, em relação ao crescimento micelial, no uso de meios à base de resíduos comparado ao meio malte-ágar (testemunha), o qual obteve o melhor desempenho (62,17mm). Já para o P. ostreatus, os meios SDA-MA e SDA-AÇA apresentaram as maiores médias de crescimento (81 mm), o que representa um incremento de crescimento de 34% em relação ao meio testemunha (malte-ágar), cujo média de crescimento foi de 60,33mm. Assim, de uma forma geral, os resíduos testados indicam potencial de aproveitamento na fungicultura, especialmente para o cultivo de P. ostreatus.

RESUMEN

Elasmobranchs are important, not only as an economic resource but also for their phylogenetic position. Their slow growth and long reproductive cycles, together with the high fisheries pressure exerted, attempt to the knowledge of all biological parameters of species. In this work we analyze the histology of the pregnant uterus of the gatuzo, a viviparous aplacental shark. The mucosa depicts modifications similar to those of placental species and others proper of histotrophism. Likewise, a network-like muscular layer in the mucosa was described for first time in the genus. The presence of vitelline plates in the gut of at term embryos suggests that the maternal supplies are not enough for the big fetus development. The relationships between maternal support and embryo growth are discussed into the matrotrophic and phylogenetic contexts.

Los peces cartilaginosos son importantes tanto desde el punto de vista evolutivo como desde el comercial, ya que integran una parte importante de las pesquerías argentinas. El gatuzo es explotado intensamente, pero se desconocen todos los parámetros biológicos necesarios para establecer medidas adecuadas de manejo sustentable. En este trabajo se estudia la arquitectura del útero gestante de esta especie vivípara aplacentaria. Se observaron cambios estructurales en el epitelio uterino así como secreción mucosa y descamación del mismo. Asimismo se describe una túnica muscular reticuliforme en la mucosa, que no había sido referida para ningún otro elasmobranquio. Se aportan evidencias de un histotrofismo moderado. Se observó la presencia de vitelo en la válvula espiral de los embriones gestantes, lo que junto con la secreción uterina, contribuye al desarrollo de los fetos. Se discute la importancia del aporte materno en el crecimiento embrionario, desde el punto de vista de los diferentes tipos de matrotrofismo.

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