RESUMEN
In this overview, the latest achievements in dietary origins, absorption mechanism, bioavailability assay, health advantages, cutting-edge encapsulation techniques, fortification approaches, and innovative highly sensitive sensor-based detection methods of vitamin B12 (VB12) were addressed. The cobalt-centered vitamin B is mainly found in animal products, posing challenges for strict vegetarians and vegans. Its bioavailability is highly influenced by intrinsic factor, absorption in the ileum, and liver reabsorption. VB12 mainly contributes to blood cell synthesis, cognitive function, and cardiovascular health, and potentially reduces anemia and optic neuropathy. Microencapsulation techniques improve the stability and controlled release of VB12. Co-microencapsulation of VB12 with other vitamins and bioactive compounds enhances bioavailability and controlled release, providing versatile initiatives for improving bio-functionality. Nanotechnology, including nanovesicles, nanoemulsions, and nanoparticles can enhance the delivery, stability, and bioavailability of VB12 in diverse applications, ranging from antimicrobial agents to skincare and oral insulin delivery. Staple food fortification with encapsulated and free VB12 emerges as a prominent strategy to combat deficiency and promote nutritional value. Biosensing technologies, such as electrochemical and optical biosensors, offer rapid, portable, and sensitive VB12 assessment. Carbon dot-based fluorescent nanosensors, nanocluster-based fluorescent probes, and electrochemical sensors show promise for precise detection, especially in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
Asunto(s)
Alimentos Fortificados , Vitamina B 12 , Animales , Vitamina B 12/química , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada , Vitaminas , Insulina/químicaRESUMEN
The formation of short-lived and stable radicals was investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and compared with hydroperoxides and hexanal in complex starch-protein-lipid model systems, as well as in corn extrudates. Stable radicals were detected directly in ground samples. Short-lived lipid radicals were measured ex situ in ethyl acetate extracts of model systems and extrudates by the use of the spin trap PBN. Significant adduct formation was found after 30 min at 50 °C. During storage, lipid radicals (PBN adducts) increased in model systems. Simulation of EPR spectra from bulk oil demonstrated that mainly alkoxyl radical adducts were detected, to which rapidly decomposing peroxyl radical adducts also contributed. Stable radicals in extrudates were attributed to protein radicals based on g-value of 2.00467 compared with 2.00474 found in model system prepared with zein. The signal intensity of the stable radical remained constant during storage, but increased during extrusion.