The National Program for Maternal and Child Health (COSMI) of the Ministry of Health (MOH) of Brazil conducted a survey in nine state capitals from 29 March to 30 April 1993 to assess how well health facilities were managing diarrhea cases in patients under 5 years of age. One of seven PAHO/WHO health facility surveys performed in Latin America and the Caribbean in 1992-1993, the Brazilian survey took place in the Northeast Region where most diarrheal morbidity and mortality occur. Like the other six surveys, it used a new PAHO/WHO methodology designed to collect data on certain principal indicators through observation, interviews, and review of clinical records. Overall, 475 cases of patients with diarrhea were observed in 192 facilities, and 463 health workers and 474 caretakers were interviewed. The results indicated that few diarrhea patients received care that strictly followed the PAHO/WHO/Ministry of Health treatment guidelines. In terms of these guidelines, the correct procedure was used to assess the patient's hydration status only 8% of the time, and only 1% of the health workers provided correct advice to the caretaker on prevention and home care aspects of diarrheal diseases. The procedure used to rehydrate patients with oral rehydration salts (ORS) was correct in only 6% of the cases. Of those patients with bloody stools, 24% were treated appropriately with antibiotics. Besides collecting information on correct case management, the survey provided a basis for developing two-year operational plans of action in each of the nine participating states to strengthen efforts directed at controlling and preventing diarrheal diseases, including cholera.