INTRODUCTION: Anastomotic biliary strictures (ABS) are a significant clinical problem associated with decreased survival post-liver transplantation (LT). Contributing to the morbidity of ABS is the need for early (i.e. emergent or unplanned) repeat endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies (ER-ERCPs). Our aim was to determine clinical, operative, and endoscopic predictors of ER-ERCP in patients with ABS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Medical records of 559 patients who underwent LT at our institution from 2000-2012 were retrospectively reviewed for pertinent data. The primary endpoint was need for ER-ERCP. Seventeen potential predictors of ER-ERCP were assessed in bivariate analyses, and those with p < 0.20 were included in multivariate regression models. RESULTS: Fifty-four LT patients developed ABS and underwent a total of 200 ERCPs, of which 40 met criteria for ER-ERCP. Predictors of ER-ERCP in bivariate analyses included balloon dilation within 3 months post-LT and donation after cardiac death (both p < 0.05). Balloon dilation within 3 months post-LT was also associated with shorter ER-ERCP-free survival (p = 0.02). Moreover, a significantly higher proportion (67%) of patients who underwent balloon dilation within 3 months post-LT subsequent experienced ≥ 1 ER-ERCP (p = 0.03), and those who experienced ≥ 1 ER-ERCP had lower stricture resolution rates at the end of endoscopic therapy compared to those who did not (79 vs. 97%, p = 0.02). In multivariate analyses, balloon dilation within 3 months post-LT was the strongest predictor of ER-ERCP (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.7-8.6, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Balloon dilation of ABS within 3 months post-LT is associated with an increased risk of ER-ERCP, which itself is associated with lower ABS resolution rates. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and their implications for endoscopic management and follow-up of post-LT ABS.