White blood cell counts, ratios, and C-reactive protein among individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and associations with long-term outcomes: a population-based study.
Brain Behav Immun
; 122: 18-26, 2024 Nov.
Article
en En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-39097201
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:
Immune mechanisms are associated with adverse outcomes in schizophrenia; however, the predictive value of various peripheral immune biomarkers has not been collectively investigated in a large cohort before.OBJECTIVE:
To investigate how white blood cell (WBC) counts, ratios, and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels influence the long-term outcomes of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD).METHODS:
We identified all adults in the Central Denmark Region during 1994-2013 with a measurement of WBC counts and/or CRP at first diagnosis of SSD. WBC ratios were calculated, and both WBC counts and ratios were quartile-categorized (Q4 upper quartile). We followed these individuals from first diagnosis until outcome of interest (death, treatment resistance and psychiatric readmissions), emigration or December 31, 2016, using Cox regression analysis to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs).RESULTS:
Among 6,845 participants, 375 (5.5 %) died, 477 (6.9 %) exhibited treatment resistance, and 1470 (21.5 %) were readmitted during follow-up. Elevated baseline levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, LLR, NLR, MLR, and CRP increased the risk of death, whereas higher levels of lymphocytes, platelets, and PLR were associated with lower risk. ROC analysis identified CRP as the strongest predictor for mortality (AUC=0.84). Moreover, elevated levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, LLR, NLR and MLR were associated with treatment resistance. Lastly, higher platelet counts decreased the risk of psychiatric readmissions, while elevated LLR increased this risk.CONCLUSIONS:
Elevated levels of WBC counts, ratios, and CRP at the initial diagnosis of SSD are associated with mortality, with CRP demonstrating the highest predictive value. Additionally, certain WBC counts and ratios are associated with treatment resistance and psychiatric readmissions.Palabras clave
Texto completo:
1
Colección:
01-internacional
Base de datos:
MEDLINE
Asunto principal:
Esquizofrenia
/
Proteína C-Reactiva
Límite:
Adult
/
Aged
/
Female
/
Humans
/
Male
/
Middle aged
País/Región como asunto:
Europa
Idioma:
En
Revista:
Brain Behav Immun
Asunto de la revista:
ALERGIA E IMUNOLOGIA
/
CEREBRO
/
PSICOFISIOLOGIA
Año:
2024
Tipo del documento:
Article
Pais de publicación:
Países Bajos