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Profiling and assessing the risks of image- and performance-enhancing drugs use during the COVID-19 lockdown.
De Luca, Ilaria; Di Carlo, Francesco; Burkauskas, Julius; Dores, Artemisa R; Carvalho, Irene P; Gómez-Martínez, M Ángeles; Szabo, Attila; Fujiwara, Hironobu; Barbosa, Cristina Monteiro; Di Nicola, Marco; Mazza, Marianna; Sani, Gabriele; Luciani, Debora; Pettorruso, Mauro; di Giannantonio, Massimo; Cataldo, Ilaria; Esposito, Gianluca; Martinotti, Giovanni; Zandonai, Thomas; Rabin, Olivier; Corazza, Ornella.
Afiliación
  • De Luca I; Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
  • Di Carlo F; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
  • Burkauskas J; Laboratory of Behavioural Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
  • Dores AR; Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
  • Carvalho IP; School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
  • Gómez-Martínez MÁ; Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
  • Szabo A; Department of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
  • Fujiwara H; Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Barbosa CM; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Di Nicola M; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan.
  • Mazza M; Decentralized Big Data Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan.
  • Sani G; The General Research Division, Osaka University Research Center on Ethical, Legal and Social Issues, Osaka, Japan.
  • Luciani D; Department of Psychometrics, Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  • Pettorruso M; Department of Psychometrics, Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  • di Giannantonio M; Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
  • Cataldo I; Department of Psychometrics, Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  • Esposito G; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
  • Martinotti G; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
  • Zandonai T; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
  • Rabin O; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
  • Corazza O; Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
Front Public Health ; 12: 1386721, 2024.
Article en En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38962770
ABSTRACT

Background:

Image and Performance-Enhancing Drugs (IPEDs) can enhance mental and physical capabilities and impact one's overall health. Initially confined in sport environments, IPEDs use has become increasingly widespread in a high-performing society. The present study was aimed at profiling IPEDs use during the COVID-19 lockdown among an international sample of young adults.

Methods:

A cross-sectional observational study was carried out in eight countries (United Kingdom, Italy, Lithuania, Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Brazil, and Japan) between April and May 2020. The survey questionnaire included validated measurements such as Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI), Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI), and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) as well as questions about the type of IPEDs, purchasing methods and socio-demographic information.

Results:

A total of 736 IPEDs users were included in the survey. Their mean age was 33.05 years (±SD = 10.06), and 64.2% were female participants. Overall, 6.8% were found at risk of exercise addiction (EAI >24), 27.6% presented high levels of appearance anxiety, and 24.9% revealed low levels of emotional regulation's self-compassion. Most participants (55.6%) purchased IPEDs through pharmacies/specialized shops, while 41.3% purchased IPEDs on the Internet. Online IPEDs buyers were mainly men who had higher scores on the Exercise Addiction Inventory. One or more IPEDs classifiable as "potentially risky" were used by 66.3% of the sample. Users of "potentially risky IPEDs" were younger and primarily men. They showed higher scores both on the Exercise Addiction Inventory and Appearance Anxiety Inventory.

Conclusion:

This study profiled users of IPEDs when the most restrictive COVID-19 lockdown policies were implemented in all the participating countries. More targeted post-COVID 19 prevention strategies should be implemented according to the emerged socio-demographic and psychopathological traits and cross-cultural differences emerged. Longitudinal studies will also be needed to determine the long-term effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on IPEDs consumption.
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Texto completo: 1 Colección: 01-internacional Base de datos: MEDLINE Asunto principal: Sustancias para Mejorar el Rendimiento / COVID-19 Límite: Adult / Female / Humans / Male Idioma: En Revista: Front Public Health Año: 2024 Tipo del documento: Article País de afiliación: Reino Unido Pais de publicación: Suiza
Texto completo
Añadir a Mi BVS
Imprimir
XML
PubMed Links
Buscar en Google

Texto completo: 1 Colección: 01-internacional Base de datos: MEDLINE Asunto principal: Sustancias para Mejorar el Rendimiento / COVID-19 Límite: Adult / Female / Humans / Male Idioma: En Revista: Front Public Health Año: 2024 Tipo del documento: Article País de afiliación: Reino Unido Pais de publicación: Suiza