ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; ADH; ADH, antidiuretic hormone; AKI, acute kidney injury; AVP, arginine vasopressin; CLIF, chronic liver failure; CNS, central nervous system; CTP, Child-Turcotte-Pugh; CVVHD, continuous venovenous hemofiltration; DAMP, damage-associated molecular patterns; EABV, effective arterial blood volume; FENa, fractional excretion of sodium; HE, hepatic encephalopathy; HRS, hepatorenal syndrome; LT, liver transplantation; LVP, large volume paracentesis; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MELD, model of end-stage liver disease; NO, nitric oxide; NSBB, nonselective beta-blockers; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PICD, paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction; PPCD, post-paracentesis circulatory dysfunction; PRA, plasma renin activity; RA, refractory ascites; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system; RAI, relative adrenal insufficiency; RBF, renal blood flow; SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; SIADH, syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion; SMT, standard medical treatment; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; TBW, total body water; TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; advanced cirrhosis; albumin; hyponatremia; liver transplantation; sNa, serum sodium