AF Antheraea pernyi fibroin, AMSCs adipose mesenchymal stem cells; BMP bone morphogenetic proteins, BMP-2 bone morphogenetic protein-2; BMSCs bone marrow stromal cell, CaPs calcium phosphate nanoparticles, COL I collagen I; Biomaterials; Bone defect healing; Bone repair; DOP dopamine, DSCs dental pulp stem cells; ECM extracellular matrix, GBR guided bone regeneration; GelMA methacrylate gelatin, HA hydroxyapatite; HAM human amniotic membrane, HCP human cultured periosteum; ICA Icariin, IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1; MBGNs mesoporous bioglass nanoparticles, MOX moxifloxacin hydrochloride; MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, n-HA nano-hydroxyapatite; OCN osteocalcin, OSX osterix; Osteogenesis; PCL polycaprolactone, PDCs periosteum derived cells; PDGF-BB platelet-derived growth factor-BB, PDO periosteal distraction osteogenesis; PEEK polyetheretherketone, PLA polylactic acid; PLLA l-lactic acid, PRP platelet-rich plasma; PU degradable polyurethane fibers without nano-hydroxyapatite, PUHA degradable polyurethane fibers with nano-hydroxyapatite; PVA polyvinyl alcohol, rhBMP-2 recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2; Periosteum; SEM scanning electron microscope, SF silk fibroin; SSP synthetic scaffold periosteum, TCP tricalcium phosphate; SiNPs Silica nanoparticles, SIS small intestinal submucosa; TGF-ß transforming growth factor-ß, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factors; Tissue-engineered periosteum; co-PUPCL a mixed fiber formed by PCL and polyurethane, DEX dexamethasone; rMSCs rat mesenchymal stem cells, Runx2 Runt-related transcription factor 2; s-PEEK sulfonated PEEK, SSCs skeletal stem cells