TOPIC: It is unclear whether there are differences in safety and efficacy between pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) alone and PPV with a supplemental scleral buckle (SB; PPV-SB) for the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This meta-analysis aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of these surgical procedures. METHODS: In this meta-analysis, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched (January 2000-June 2021). The primary outcome was the final best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), whereas the secondary outcomes were reattachment rates and complications. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and the risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions tool for nonrandomized studies. RESULTS: This study included 15 661 eyes from 38 studies (32 observational studies and 6 RCTs). The median follow-up duration was 6 months. The final BCVA was similar between PPV and PPV-SB (weighted mean difference [WMD], -0.03 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [-0.14 to 0.07]; P = 0.55). There was a significant difference in the single-operation success rate (SOSR) (88.2% versus 86.3%; relative risk [RR], 0.97 [0.95-1.00]; P = 0.03), favoring PPV-SB; however, there was no significant difference in the final reattachment rate (RR, 1.00 [0.99-1.01]; P = 0.56). Pars plana vitrectomy required a significantly higher number of operations to achieve final anatomical reattachment (WMD, 0.13 [0.02-0.24]; P = 0.02). In terms of complications, PPV was significantly less likely to be associated with macular edema (RR, 0.47 [0.25-0.88]; P = 0.02) and epiretinal membrane formation (RR, 0.70 [0.52-0.94]; P = 0.02), but these differences were no longer significant in studies published after 2010 or in RCTs. Significant proliferative vitreoretinopathy, lens status, and macular attachment status did not mediate differences in these effects. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences in the final visual acuity outcomes between PPV and PPV-SB. Pars plana vitrectomy with supplemental SB was associated with a greater SOSR than standalone PPV, although the magnitude of the effect was small, with a high number needed to treat. The final reattachment rate was similar. In recent studies and in RCTs, the risk of complications was similar between the procedures.