ADP, adenosine diphosphate; AFADESI, air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization; AGEs, advanced glycation end products; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase; AST, astragaloside IV; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; Astragaloside IV; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CL, cardiolipin; Cre, creatinine; DAG, diacylglycerol; DESI, desorption electrospray ionization; DM, diabetes mellitus; DN, diabetic nephropathy; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; Diabetic nephropathy; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; FBG, fasting blood glucose; GLU, glucose; GMP, guanosine monophosphate; GSH, glutathione; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; LysoPG, lysophosphatidylglycerol; MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization; MS, mass spectrometry; MSI, mass spectrometry imaging; Mass spectrometry imaging; Metabolic reprogramming; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; Na-CMC, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; PA, phosphatidic acid; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PG, phosphatidylglycerol; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; PS, phosphatidylserine; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; ROI, regions of interest; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SDH, succinate dehydrogenase; SGLTs, sodium-glucose cotransporters; SM, sphingomyelin; STZ, streptozotocin; Spatial-resolved metabolomics; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; TCHO, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; UMP, uridine monophosphate; VIP, variable importance in projection; p-AMPK, phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase