Evaluation of cytokines in the tumor microenvironment of lung cancer using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis.
Cancer Immunol Immunother
; 70(7): 1867-1876, 2021 Jul.
Article
en En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-33394095
INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer is the leading cause of death by cancer. In recent years, immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) emerged as a promising new therapeutic approach. However, a deeper understanding of the immunologic responses adjacent to the tumor known as tumor microenvironment (TME) is needed. Our study investigated TME of lung cancer by analyzing cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2018 and June 2019, 119 patients were prospectively enrolled in this study. For each cancer patient, levels of 16 cytokines (fractalkine, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukins (IL): IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, and IL-23) were measured in BALF and serum and compared to healthy individuals and patients with other lung diseases. RESULTS: There were several significant differences of cytokine levels of patients with lung cancer compared to healthy individuals. However, none of them remained in the multivariate analysis compared to other lung diseases in either BALF or serum. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the groups in cell differentiation of either BALF or serum. Cytokine levels in BALF were generally near the lower detection limit and showed almost no correlation with their respective levels measured in serum of the same individual. CONCLUSIONS: Cytokines in BALF and serum of lung cancer patients may indicate unspecific inflammation. BAL is not recommendable as a tool to investigate TME of lung cancer. Therefore, cytokines measured in BALF are probably not appropriate as predictors in patients treated with ICIs.
Palabras clave
Texto completo:
1
Colección:
01-internacional
Base de datos:
MEDLINE
Asunto principal:
Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar
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Biomarcadores de Tumor
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Citocinas
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Microambiente Tumoral
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Neoplasias Pulmonares
Tipo de estudio:
Observational_studies
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Prognostic_studies
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Risk_factors_studies
Límite:
Adult
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Aged
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Female
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Humans
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Male
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Middle aged
Idioma:
En
Revista:
Cancer Immunol Immunother
Asunto de la revista:
ALERGIA E IMUNOLOGIA
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NEOPLASIAS
/
TERAPEUTICA
Año:
2021
Tipo del documento:
Article
País de afiliación:
Suiza
Pais de publicación:
Alemania