CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; EGF, epidermal growth factor; EGFR, EGF receptor; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FAH, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase; GH, growth hormone; Ghr-/-, growth hormone receptor gene knockout; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; HNF, hepatocyte nuclear factor; HPC, hepatic progenitor cell; IGF, insulinlike growth factor; IL, interleukin; IR, insulin receptor; InsP3, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; JNK, JUN N-terminal kinase; LDLT, living donor liver transplant; LRP, low-density lipoprotein-related protein; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κß, nuclear factor κß; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; NTBC, 2-nitro-4-trifluoro-methyl-benzoyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PH, partial hepatectomy; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase; PKB, protein kinase B; PTU, 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil; ROS, reactive oxygen species; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; T3, triiodothyronine; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TR, thyroid receptor; hESC, human embryonic stem cell; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cells; mRNA, messenger RNA; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin