The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and imaging results of transforaminal debridement with a posterior-only approach involving placement of an interbody bone graft combined with diseased vertebral fixation for the treatment of thoracic and lumbar tuberculosis (TB) with a minimum 5-year follow-up.Sixty-five patients who presented with active thoracic and lumbar TB between October 2006 and August 2013 were retrospectively analyzed: 20 were thoracic TB (group A), 17 were thoracolumbar TB (group B), and 28 were lumbar TB (group C). The patient data, operating time, blood loss, Visual Analog Scale score, Oswestry Disability Index score, correction of kyphosis, recovery of neurological function, and complications were recorded and analyzed.The patients were followed for 68.7 ±â€Š17.8 months. The preoperative average Cobb angles of kyphosis in patients in groups A, B, and C significantly decreased from 28.2 ±â€Š11.9°, 30.5 ±â€Š16.9°, and 10.9 ±â€Š8.8° before surgery to 8.0 ±â€Š5.4°, 5.0 ±â€Š4.1°, and -4.4 ±â€Š1.6° (- indicates lordosis) after surgery, respectively. At the final follow-up time, the Cobb angles were 9.2 ±â€Š6.1°, 6.8 ±â€Š10.0°, and -3.7 ±â€Š2.0°, respectively. The postoperative Cobb angles of kyphosis were significantly improved in all groups (P < .05). The correction loss angles were larger in groups A and B than in group C (P > .05). The operating time, blood loss, and complications were not significantly different between the groups (P > .05). Three (4.6%) patients developed unhealed TB during postoperative anti-TB treatment, and 6 patients (9.2%) with TB relapsed after healing from surgery.The posterior-only approach for the surgical treatment of thoracic and lumbar TB achieved satisfactory outcomes over long-term follow-up. The implantation of pedicle screws in diseased vertebrae reduced the range of fixation, but patients with thoracic and thoracolumbar TB should undergo fixation to at least 1 adjacent normal segment. There were some cases of recurrence after TB healed, and long-term follow-up is therefore necessary.