ADSC, allogenic adipose-derived stem cells; ALLO, partially demineralized allogeneic bone block; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ASC, adipose-derived stem cell; Allograft; Artificial material; Autograft; BMP-2 & 4, bone morphogenetic protein-2 & 4; BMSC, bone marrow­derived mesenchymal stem cell; BV, baculovirus; Biomaterial; CS, chitosan; DBM, decalcified bone matrix; FGF-2, Fibroblast Growth Factor-2; HDB, heterogeneous deproteinized bone; LBSD, long-bone segmental defect; Long-bone segmental defect reconstruction; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MIC, fresh marrow-impregnated ceramic block; MSC, autologous mesenchymal stem cells; PCL, polycaprolactone; PDGF, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; PDLLA, poly(DL-lactide); PET/CT, positron emission- and computed tomography; PLA, poly(lactic acid); PPF, propylene fumarate; SF, silk fibroin; TCP, tricalcium phosphate; TEB, combining ceramic block with osteogenic-induced mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma; TGF-ß, Transforming Growth Factor-ß; Tissue engineering; VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; bFGF, basic Fibroblast Growth Factor; htMSCs, human tubal mesenchymal stem cells; nHA, nano-hydroxyapatite; poly, (L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide); rADSC, rabbit adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell; rVEGF-A, recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor-A; rhBMP-2, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2; rhBMP-7, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 7; sRANKL, soluble RANKL; ß-TCP, ß-tricalcium phosphate