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Quantification of Element Fluxes in Wastewaters: A Nationwide Survey in Switzerland.
Vriens, Bas; Voegelin, Andreas; Hug, Stephan J; Kaegi, Ralf; Winkel, Lenny H E; Buser, Andreas M; Berg, Michael.
Afiliación
  • Vriens B; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
  • Voegelin A; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
  • Hug SJ; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
  • Kaegi R; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
  • Winkel LHE; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
  • Buser AM; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
  • Berg M; Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) , 3063 Ittigen, Switzerland.
Environ Sci Technol ; 51(19): 10943-10953, 2017 Oct 03.
Article en En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28671459
The number and quantities of trace elements used in industry, (high-tech) consumer products, and medicine are rapidly increasing, but the resulting emissions and waste streams are largely unknown. We assessed the concentrations of 69 elements in digested sewage sludge and effluent samples from 64 municipal wastewater treatment plants as well as in major rivers in Switzerland. This data set, representative of an entire industrialized country, presents a reference point for current element concentrations, average per-capita fluxes, loads discharged to surface waters, and economic waste-stream values. The spatial distribution of many individual elements could be attributed either to predominant geogenic or to anthropogenic inputs. Per-capita element fluxes ranged from <10 µg day-1 (e.g., Au, In, and Lu) to >1 mg day-1 (e.g., Zn, Sc, Y, Nb, and Gd) and >1 g day-1 (e.g., for P, Fe, and S). Effluent loads of some elements contributed significantly to riverine budgets (e.g., 24% for Zn, 50% for P, and 83% for Gd), indicating large anthropogenic inputs via the wastewater stream. At various locations, precious metal concentrations in sludge were similar to those in profitable mining ores, with total flux values of up to 6.8 USD per capita per year or 15 USD per metric ton of dry sludge.
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Texto completo: 1 Colección: 01-internacional Base de datos: MEDLINE Asunto principal: Aguas del Alcantarillado / Contaminantes Químicos del Agua / Aguas Residuales / Metales País/Región como asunto: Europa Idioma: En Revista: Environ Sci Technol Año: 2017 Tipo del documento: Article País de afiliación: Suiza Pais de publicación: Estados Unidos
Texto completo
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Texto completo: 1 Colección: 01-internacional Base de datos: MEDLINE Asunto principal: Aguas del Alcantarillado / Contaminantes Químicos del Agua / Aguas Residuales / Metales País/Región como asunto: Europa Idioma: En Revista: Environ Sci Technol Año: 2017 Tipo del documento: Article País de afiliación: Suiza Pais de publicación: Estados Unidos