8-OHdG, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; AIF, apoptosis inducing factor; AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid; AP-1, activator protein-1; Antioxidant; Asp, aspartate; BBB, brain blood barrier; BMEC, brain microvascular endothelial cell; BNDF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Brain blood barrier; CAT, catalase; CBF, cerebral blood flow; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; Cav-1, caveolin-1; DHR, dihydrorhodamine 123; DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; GRK2, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2; GSH, glutathione; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; GSSH, glutathione disulfide; Glu, glutamate; Gly, glysine; HE, hematoxylin and eosin; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; Hyperpermeability; I-κBα, Inhibitory κBα; I/R, ischemia-reperfusion; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IL-10, interleukin-10; IL-1ß, interleukin-1ß; IL-8, interleukin-8; Ischemia/reperfusion; JAM-1, junctional adhesion molecule-1; JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; Leukocyte adhesion; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase; MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; MDA, malondialdehyde; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; MPO, myeloperoxidase; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NF-κB, nuclear factor κ-B; NGF, nerve growth factor; NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartic acid; NO, nitric oxide; NSC, neural stem cells; Neuron; OGD, oxygen-glucose deprivation; PARP, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase; PMN, polymorphonuclear; RANTES, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SFDA, state food and drug administration; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance; TCM, traditional Chinese medicine; TGF-ß1, transforming growth factor ß1; TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1; TNF-α, tissue necrosis factor-α; TTC, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride; TUNEL, terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling; Tuj-1, class III ß-tublin; VCAM-1, vascular adhesion molecule-1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ZO-1, zonula occludens-1; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; rtPA, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator