U-71,184 is a CC-1065 analogue which is highly cytotoxic in vitro and has a broad spectrum of antitumor activity in vivo. Against B16 cells, U-71,184 was 8-fold and 253-fold more potent than Actinomycin D and Adriamycin, respectively. U-71,184 killed 90% of B16 cells at 0.01 ng/ml levels of drug in the medium, which was equivalent to an intracellular concentration of about 8 pg/10(6) cell (= 2 x 10(-8) pmol/cell). A B16 cell line resistant to U-71,184 developed after 3 months of in vitro exposure to gradually increasing concentrations of the drug. The sensitive and resistant cell lines were cloned and a B16/R clone was selected which was 60 to 100 times more resistant to U-71,184 than the cloned sensitive parent (B16/S). Cells grown in the absence of U-71,184 for 2 months retained resistance to the drug. B16/R was slightly cross-resistant only to Adriamycin but not to Actinomycin D, vinblastine, or colchicine. Among alkylating agents, it was slightly cross-resistant to Melphalan but not to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea or cisplatin. B16/R did not overexpress mdr mRNA. Therefore, this cell line does not exhibit the multidrug-resistant phenotype. Most karyotypes of B16/R had a marker chromosome which carried an aberrantly staining region apparently containing repetitive replication of the same segment. Resistance can be partly accounted for by the approximately 10-fold lesser uptake of [3H]-U-71,184 in B16/R, as compared to B16/S. B16/R was cross-resistant in varying degrees to several other CC-1065 analogues. The ratio of the 50% lethal dose of U-71,184 for B16/R, as compared to B16/S, was about 60 (i.e., R/S = 60). In comparison, the following compounds had an R/S ratio of less than 20 (i.e., modest level of cross-resistance to U-71,184): U-68,819, U-73,975, U-75,500, U-75,559, and CC-1065. In contrast, the following compounds had an R/S ratio greater than 20 (i.e., highly cross-resistant to U-71,184): U-71,184 analogues U-71,185, U-73,903, and U-75,012; U-73,975 analogues U-75,613, U-75,032, and U-73,896; and CC-1065 enantiomer U-76,915. We cannot yet explain the difference in the level of cross-resistance between these compounds in vitro. B16/S and B16/R cells were tumorigenic in mice and B16/R was resistant to U-71,184 in vivo. There was no clear indication of cross-resistance of B16/R in vivo to Adriamycin, Actinomycin D, cisplatin, or Melphalan. However, U-73,975, a compound with modest cross-resistance in vitro, was significantly cross-resistant in vivo.