In Italy, a Continuing Medical Education (CME) program that engages about one million health professionals involved with different roles in National Health Service (physicians, nurses, biologists, pharmacologists, psychologists, veterinarians, technicians, etc) became officially mandatory on January 1, 2008. In Italy, the traditional form of acquiring CME credits is to attend lectures and conferences, while the main structured online service was dismissed in November 2008. The Italian Ministry of Health required health professionals to obtain 50 credits/y, with no obligation toward scientific production. In this study, we have preliminarily evaluated the potential impact of a compulsory CME program on the research production of our transplantation center. We selected the research products published by surgeons (n = 10) and university researchers (n = 2) who were on duty in our center from 1995 to 2007. For this period, PubMed returned 89 research products with at least one surgeon/researcher of our center as author/coauthor. The mean number of published research products/y was 6.84 +/- 4.5. The number of expected research products for 2008 and 2009 on the basis of a time series analysis applied to the period 1995 to 2007 was 12.35 and 12.91, respectively. A search in PubMed restricted to 2008 and 2009 (from January 1 to November 23) returned in both years eight research products. Considering that in our center there was no increase in volume activities or changes in whole working processes, it seems reasonable to assume that the new compulsory, time-consuming Italian CME program may have played a role in the decline of scientific production. A systematic monitoring should be started with the aim to investigate the potential impact of the Italian CME program on biomedical research output, especially for centers and disciplinary areas mainly involved in clinical research.