The multidrug resistance related protein-1 (MRP1) is a member of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) of cell surface transport proteins expressed in multiple cell lines and tissues including endothelial cells and haematopoietic stem cells. MRP1 blockade has been shown to prevent endothelial cell apoptosis and improve endothelial function. Besides mature endothelial cells vascular homing of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) contributes to endothelial regeneration after vascular damage. Thus, we hypothesized that MRP1 influences number and function of EPCs and mechanisms of vascular repair. To test this, we investigated the effects of MRP1 inhibition in vitro and in vivo. MRP1 is abundantly expressed in cultured human early outgrowth EPCs. Pharmacological inhibition of MRP1 by MK571 increased intracellular glutathione levels and reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. This stabilization of the intracellular redox homeostasis via inhibition of MRP1 prevented angiotensin II-induced apoptosis and increased the number of early outgrowth EPCs and colony forming units in vitro. To extend the observed cytoprotective effect of MRP1 blockade in EPCs to an in vivo situation, MRP1(-/-) knockout mice were investigated. MRP1(-/-) knockout mice showed significantly increased numbers of EPCs circulating in the peripheral blood and residing in the bone marrow. Consistently, colony forming unit formation was enhanced and rate of apoptosis reduced in early outgrowth EPCs derived from MRP1(-/-) knockout mice. In addition, MRP1(-/-) knockout mice showed improved reendothelialization after carotid artery injury, and transfusion of MNCs derived from MRP1(-/-) knockout mice into wild-type mice accelerated reendothelialization compared to transfusion of wild-type cells. These findings indicate that the enhanced function and survival of EPCs in MRP1(-/-) knockout mice resulted in improved reendothelialization. In conclusion, MRP1 negatively influences EPC function and survival via perturbation of the intracellular redox homeostasis which finally leads to increased cellular apoptosis. These results reveal novel mechanistic insights and may identify MRP1 as therapeutic target to improve reendothelialization after vascular damage.