In the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG), activation of excitatory output neurons projecting monosynaptically to OFF cells in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) causes antinociceptive responses and is under the control of cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1) and vanilloid transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptors. We studied in healthy rats the effect of elevation of PAG endocannabinoid [anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)] levels produced by intra-PAG injections of the inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase URB597 [cyclohexylcarbamic acid-3'-carbamoyl-biphenyl-3-yl ester] on 1) nociception in the "plantar test" and 2) spontaneous and tail-flick-related activities of RVM neurons. Depending on the dose or time elapsed since administration, URB597 (0.5-2.5 nmol/rat) either suppressed or increased thermal nociception via TRPV1 or CB1 receptors, respectively. TRPV1 or cannabinoid receptor agonists capsaicin (6 nmol) and (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3,-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone mesylate [WIN55,212-2 (4 nmol)] also suppressed or enhanced nociception, respectively. URB597 dose dependently enhanced PAG anandamide and 2-AG levels, with probable subsequent activation of TRPV1/CB1 receptors and only CB1 receptors, respectively. The TRPV1-mediated antinociception and CB1-mediated nociception caused by URB597 correlated with enhanced or reduced activity of RVM OFF cells, suggesting that these effects occur via stimulation or inhibition of excitatory PAG output neurons, respectively. Accordingly, several ventrolateral PAG neurons were found by immunohistochemistry to coexpress TRPV1 and CB1 receptors. Finally, at the highest doses tested, URB597 (4 nmol/rat) and, as previously reported, WIN55,212-2 (25-100 nmol) also caused CB(1)-mediated analgesia, correlating with stimulation (possibly disinhibition) of RVM OFF cells. Thus, endocannabinoids affect the descending pathways of pain control by acting at either CB1 or TRPV1 receptors in healthy rats.