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Resumo: A úlcera aftosa recorrente (UAR) é uma lesão frequente na mucosa oral de etiologia variada e subdividindo-se clinicamente úlceras menores, maiores e hepertiformes. Caracterizada por formato ovoide, recoberto por uma pseudomembrana e um halo eritematoso, seu diagnóstico é essencial para distinguir outras lesões e o tratamento se faz necessário para tratar a lesão e prevenir recorrências. Desta maneira, o presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever de forma analítica sobre o diagnóstico diferencial e o tratamento da UAR em cavidade oral. Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório caracterizado como revisão narrativa da literatura. Os critérios de inclusão estabelecidos foram: estudos que abordassem essa temática, com idiomas inglês e português. O levantamento ocorreu em agosto/2023 a janeiro/2024, através das buscas eletrônicas PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, além da literatura cinzenta Google acadêmico e busca livre secundária. Os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS/MeSH) foram cruzados com o operador booleano: "differential diagnosis" AND "aphthous ulcer". A UAR é caracterizada por úlceras arredondadas superficiais que pode persistir por dias ou meses. O seu diagnóstico é fundamentado no histórico do paciente e nas características da lesão. É crucial eliminar possíveis causas de úlceras orais, para evitar confusão com outras lesões, como úlceras traumáticas, imunomedia das ou até mesmo um carcinoma. Diversas terapias são empregadas no manejo da UAR, tais como corticosteroides, suplementos vitamínicos, ozonioterapia e o laser de baixa potência. Portanto, compreender o histórico das lesões é fundamental para diferenciação e diante da diversidade de terapias, é essencial ter estudos que dê esse enfoque.
Abstract: Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer (RAU) is a common lesion in the oral mucosa with varied etiology, clinically subdivided into minor, major, and herpetiform ulcers. Characterized by an ovoid shape, covered by a pseudomembrane and erythematous halo, its diagnosis is essential to distinguish it from other lesions, and treatment is necessary to address the injury and prevent recurrences. Thus, the present study aimed to analytically describe the differential diagnosis and treatment of RAU in the oral cavity. It was a descriptive, exploratory study characterized as a narrative literature review. Inclusion criteria were established as studies addressing this theme in English and Portuguese. The survey took place from August 2023 to January 2024, through electronic searches on PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, in addition to grey literature such as Google Scholar and secondary free searches. Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS/MeSH) were crossed with the boolean operator: "differential diagnosis" AND "aphthous ulcer." RAU is characterized by round, superficial ulcers that may persist for days or months. Its diagnosis is based on the patient's history and the characteristics of the lesion. It is crucial to eliminate possible causes of oral ulcers to avoid confusion with other lesions, such as traumatic, immunomediated, or even carcinoma ulcers. Various therapies are employed in the management of RAU, such as corticosteroids, vitamin supplements, ozone therapy, and low-level laser. Therefore, understanding the history of lesions is fundamental for differentiation, and given the diversity of therapies, studies focusing on this aspect are essential.
Assuntos
Ferimentos e Lesões , Úlceras Orais , Úlceras Orais/tratamento farmacológico , Úlceras Orais/terapia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , BocaRESUMO
O tratamento oncológico pode ocasionar diversas alterações orais durante e após o processo que podem acarretar déficit de mastigação, fonação, deglutição, além de dor e nutrição deficiente. Nesse contexto, ainda existe uma busca na comprovação do uso de fitoterápicos na oncologia com presença de lesões na cavidade oral ocasionadas pela oncoterapia, para tratamento destas. Assim, o trabalho em questão se trata de uma revisão de literatura, com objetivo de relatar, a partir da análise de periódicos, a observação de efeitos favoráveis para o tratamento das lesões orais por consequência da quimioterapia e radioterapia, através do uso dos fitoterápicos: Camomila (Matricaria chamomilla), Romã (Punica granatum) e extrato de Própolis (Apis mellifera L.). Realizou-se busca eletrônica de dados através do Scholar Google e PubMed, utilizando os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (Medicamentos Fitoterápicos, Neoplasias, Protocolos Antineoplásicos). Os estudos apresentados neste trabalho evidenciam que o uso destes fitoterápicos pode auxiliar no tratamento das lesões decorrentes da quimioterapia e radioterapia, por possuírem diversas ações anti-inflamatórias, antimicrobianos, antitumorais, entre outras. Por fim, os fitoterápicos apresentados podem ser considerados como uma nova alternativa sendo assim uma escolha favorável de tratamento em relação aos medicamentos convencionais (alopatia), tanto pelo fato de serem naturais e não reduzirem mais ainda a imunidade do paciente, como também pelo seu baixo custo.
The cancer treatment can cause several oral changes during and after the process that can lead to deficits in chewing, phonation, swallowing, in addition to pain and poor nutrition. In this context, there is still a search to prove the use of herbal medicines in oncology with lesions in the oral cavity caused by oncotherapy. Thus, the work in question is a literature review, with the objective of reporting, from the analysis of journals, the observation of favorable effects for the treatment of oral lesions as a result of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, through the use of herbal medicines: Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), Pomegranate (Punica granatum) and Propolis extract (Apis mellifera L.). Electronic data search was carried out through Scholar Google and PubMed, using the Health Sciences Descriptors (Phytotherapic Drugs, Neoplasms, Antineoplastic Protocols). The studies presented in this work show that the use of these herbal medicines can help in the treatment of injuries resulting from chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as they have several anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-tumor actions, among others. Finally, the herbal medicines presented can be considered as a new alternative, thus being a favorable treatment choice in relation to conventional medicines (allopathy), both because they are natural and do not further reduce the patient's immunity, but also because of their low cost.
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Ferimentos e Lesões , Práticas Alopáticas , Protocolos Antineoplásicos , Medicamento Fitoterápico , Boca , Neoplasias , Radioterapia , Tratamento FarmacológicoRESUMO
Introdução: A fitoterapia se baseia na utilização de plantas medicinais, através de diferentes formulações farmacêuticas com fins terapêuticos. Na Odontologia, os fitoterápicos têm sido alvo de estudos, devido suas propriedades benéficas, além de apresentarem biocompatibilidade, baixo custo e fácil acesso. Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento na literatura científica sobre a utilização da fitoterapia na Odontologia, com vistas aos efeitos antimicrobiano, anti-inflamatório e reparador. Material e Métodos: A busca ocorreu entre fevereiro a julho/2023, nas bases PubMed e LILACS, além de livre busca, cruzando-se os descritores "Phytotherapy", "Dentistry", "Anti-inflamatory Agents", "Anti-Infective Agents", "Wound Healing", "Fitoterapia", "Odontologia", "Anti-inflamatório", "Antimicrobiano" e "Cicatrização". Após leitura inicial, seguida da análise crítica com aplicação dos critérios estabelecidos, foram selecionadas 50 referências. Desenvolvimento: Diversas plantas são empregadas sob a forma de fitoterapia, como Aloe vera (babosa), Matricaria recutita (camomila), Copaifera (copaíba), Punica granatum (romã), Uncaria tomentosa (unha-de-gato), Malva sylvestris (malva), Althaea officinalis (malvaísco), Myracrodruon urundeuva (Aroeira), Lippia sidoides (Alecrim pimenta) e Glycyrrhiza glabra (Alcaçuz). Na Odontologia, pesquisas evidenciaram resultados satisfatórios para o tratamento de afecções da cavidade oral, especialmente com caráter inflamatório e infeccioso, além de aclerar a cicatrização. Esses achados apontam que a fitoterapia é um tratamento eficaz, acessível e com mínimos efeitos colaterais. Considerações finais: Com base na literatura revisada, a fitoterapia parece ser uma alternativa promissora no tratamento de afecções orais, devido aos seus notáveis efeitos cicatrizantes, antimicrobianos e anti-inflamatórios. Contudo, mais pesquisas com metodologias adequadas são necessárias para que se estabeleçam protocolos clínicos seguros e eficazes.
Introduction: Phytotherapy is based on the use of medicinal plants through different pharmaceutical formulations for therapeutic purposes. In Dentistry, phytotherapeutics have been the subject of studies due to their beneficial properties, as well as their biocompatibility, low cost, and easy accessibility. Objective: To conduct a literature review on the use of phytotherapy in Dentistry, focusing on antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and reparative effects. Materials and Methods: The search took place between February and July 2023, using PubMed and LILACS databases, in addition to a free search, crossing the descriptors "Phytotherapy," "Dentistry," "Anti-inflammatory Agents," "Anti-Infective Agents," "Wound Healing," "Fitoterapia," "Odontologia," "Anti-inflammatory," "Antimicrobial," and "Cicatrização." After an initial reading, followed by critical analysis with the application of established criteria, 50 references were selected. Development: Various plants are employed in phytotherapy, such as Aloe vera (aloe), Matricaria recutita (chamomile), Copaifera (copaiba), Punica granatum (pomegranate), Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw), Malva sylvestris (mallow), Althaea officinalis (marshmallow), Myracrodruon urundeuva (Brazilian copaiba), Lippia sidoides (rosemary pepper), and Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice). In Dentistry, research has shown satisfactory results for the treatment of oral cavity conditions, especially those with inflammatory and infectious characteristics, as well as accelerating healing. These findings suggest that phytotherapy is an effective, accessible treatment with minimal side effects. Final considerations: Based on the reviewed literature, phytotherapy appears to be a promising alternative in the treatment of oral conditions due to its notable healing, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, more research with appropriate methodologies is necessary to establish safe and effective clinical protocols.
Assuntos
Terapêutica , Cicatrização , Odontologia , Fitoterapia , Anti-Inflamatórios , BocaRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees from various plant sources and has been used in traditional folk medicine for centuries. Propolis has various biological properties, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. The use of propolis in oral health care is attributable to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. However, limited evidence exists on the in vivo efficacy of propolis against periodontal pathogens. AIM OF THE STUDY: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Brazilian green propolis (BGP)-containing toothpaste for improving the oral environment and define its antibacterial compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Overall, 48 student volunteers aged 18-40 years (24 females and 24 males) were randomly categorized into the BGP and placebo groups. The BGP and placebo groups received toothpaste with and without BGP, respectively. After a baseline assessment, the plaque index (PI) score, gingival index (GI) score, and proportion of periodontal pathogens on the tongue surface were analyzed at 0, 1, and 2 weeks. Antibacterial compounds were identified using liquid-liquid partitioning, high-performance liquid chromatography purification, and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. RESULTS: The concentration of BGP in the toothpaste was set at 0.0347 w/v%. Compared with the placebo group, the BGP group demonstrated a reduction in the PI score (p < 0.05) but not in the GI score, as well as a reduction in Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg)/Total bacteria (Tb), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn)/Tb, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa)/Tb (p < 0.05) but not in Streptococcus salivalius/Tb. Effect sizes for Pg, Fn and Aa were 0.360, 0.556, and 0.164, respectively. The antibacterial compounds of the BGP-containing toothpaste included a mixture of kaempferide/betuletol. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the efficacy of propolis toothpaste with an optimal kaempferide/betuletol ratio for improving oral microbiota, thereby suggesting that BGP toothpaste is clinically useful in maintaining oral health and preventing periodontal disease.
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Antibacterianos , Estudos Cross-Over , Própole , Cremes Dentais , Própole/farmacologia , Própole/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Cremes Dentais/farmacologia , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Adolescente , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Microbiota/efeitos dos fármacos , Brasil , Método Duplo-Cego , Boca/microbiologia , Índice de Placa Dentária , Índice PeriodontalRESUMO
The human microbiome plays a pivotal role in influencing various physiological processes and maintaining overall well-being, including the gastric system. Current diagnostic tests for gastric diseases often involve invasive procedures, sampling limitations, and medication effects, leading to potential diagnostic errors and discomfort to patients. Considering the connection between oral and gastric microbiomes, this cross-sectional study aimed to assess the diagnostic potential of the oral bacterial profile in patients undergoing upper digestive endoscopy. Oral samples from 266 participants across two Brazilian sites (Belterra and Sao Paulo) were sequenced and subjected to bioinformatic analysis to identify microbiome composition across endoscopy outcome groups, exploring alpha and beta-diversity, richness, and differential abundance and prevalence. Prevotella, Haemophilus, Fusobacterium, Neisseria, and Streptococcus were the most abundant genera observed. No significant associations were found between alpha diversity profiles and endoscopy outcomes; beta diversity analyses similarly showed no correlations. Overall, the study did not establish the oral microbiome as a reliable marker for gastric health, underscoring the necessity for broader studies in the development of non-invasive diagnostic tests.
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Microbiota , Boca , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Boca/microbiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto , Brasil , Idoso , Estômago/microbiologia , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/classificação , Gastropatias/microbiologia , Gastropatias/diagnósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Candida species are frequently isolated from the oral cavity of patients with cystic fibrosis. However, the information on the role of Candida in cystic fibrosis is scarce. AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, virulence profile and antifungal susceptibility of oral isolates of Candida albicans recovered from patients with cystic fibrosis. METHODS: Oropharyngeal swab samples were collected from sixty-five cystic fibrosis patients and sixty-five healthy individuals. Candida isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF VITEK-MS. Proteinase, phospholipase and esterase activity, biofilm production and level expression of ALS, SAP and PLB genes in C. albicans were evaluated. Minimal inhibitory concentration values were determined by means of an antifungal susceptibility test. RESULTS: Oral Candida colonization in cystic fibrosis patients was 66.15%, while in healthy individuals was 36.92%. C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species. C. albicans strains from cystic fibrosis patients were high producers of protease and biofilm, and had higher expression levels of adhesin and protease-associated genes in comparison with healthy subjects. Among the C. albicans strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients, 18.91% were resistant to itraconazole, while 16.21% exhibited resistance to ketoconazole and fluconazole, and only one strain was resistant to voriconazole. CONCLUSIONS: This work represents a surveillance study on virulence patterns and antifungal susceptibility of Candida from the oropharyngeal tract in cystic fibrosis.
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Antifúngicos , Candida albicans , Candidíase Bucal , Fibrose Cística , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fatores de Virulência , Humanos , Fibrose Cística/microbiologia , Fibrose Cística/complicações , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Candida albicans/genética , México/epidemiologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Candidíase Bucal/microbiologia , Candidíase Bucal/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Criança , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Boca/microbiologia , Pré-EscolarRESUMO
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) predisposing factors include smoking and alcohol consumption. However, other agents have been investigated, including viruses. We aimed to investigate the presence of DNA of four different types of human polyomavirus (HPyV) in the oral cavity and oropharyngeal SCC samples from an oncology center in Brazil and evaluate the association between HPyV detection and clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. Sixty fresh frozen samples from three different anatomical sites (tongue, floor of the mouth, and oropharynx, 20 samples for each region) were retrospectively selected. Data from medical records such as age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking, tumor staging and death in less than 5 years of diagnosis were collected. DNA was extracted for the identification of MCPyV, BKPyV, JCPyV, and TSPyV using PCR followed by Sanger sequencing of positive samples. The identity of the generated DNA sequences was confirmed by alignment reference sequences. The investigation of the presence of HPyV DNA showed positivity of 5% for MCPyV (n = 3), 0% for both BKPyV or TSPyV, and 60% for JCPyV (n = 36). No association was found between the positivity of any HPyV in samples with any clinical or sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, nor with a certain anatomical site, except for the association between death in less than 5 years after diagnosis and positivity for JCPyV (p = 0.009). Positivity for HPyV in oral cavity and oropharyngeal SCC was low for MCPyV, high for JCPyV and null for BKPyV and TSPyV. Further studies should be carried out to better understand the high prevalence of JCPyV found in oral cavity and oropharyngeal SCC.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , DNA Viral , Neoplasias Bucais , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas , Infecções por Polyomavirus , Polyomavirus , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polyomavirus/isolamento & purificação , Polyomavirus/genética , Polyomavirus/classificação , Idoso , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções por Polyomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Polyomavirus/virologia , Neoplasias Bucais/virologia , Neoplasias Bucais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/virologia , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/epidemiologia , Adulto , DNA Viral/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/virologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Orofaringe/virologia , Boca/virologia , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/epidemiologia , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/virologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/virologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Infectious diseases remain as a significant cause of thousands of deaths annually worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and antiparasitic activity of the crude hydroalcoholic extract and compounds isolated from Brazilian Red Propolis (BRP) against oral pathogens and Toxoplasma gondii, using in vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches. Antimicrobial and synergistic activities were determined using the broth dilution method and the checkerboard assay, respectively. Antibiofilm activity was evaluated by staining with 2â¯% crystal violet and counting microorganisms. In vivo infection was carried out in Caenorhabditis elegans AU37 larvae and in silico analysis was performed using molecular docking simulations. The effect on growth modulation of T. gondii was evaluated through a ß-galactosidase colorimetric assay. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration values ranged from 3.12 to 400⯵g/mL. Biofilm Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MICB50) values ranged from 6.25 to 375⯵g/mL, with a significant reduction in the number of viable cells. Furthermore, Guttiferone E and the crude extract reduced cell aggregation and caused damage to the biofilm cell wall. The highest concentrations of the crude extract and Guttiferone E increased the survival and reduced the risk of death of infected and treated larvae. Guttiferone E and Oblongifolin B inhibited the intracellular proliferation of T. gondii and demonstrated several targets of action against bacteria and T. gondii through in silico analysis. These data demonstrate that BRP has antimicrobial and antiparasitic activity against pathogens of clinical relevance, and can be used in the future as phytomedicines.
Assuntos
Biofilmes , Caenorhabditis elegans , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Própole , Toxoplasma , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Própole/farmacologia , Própole/química , Animais , Toxoplasma/efeitos dos fármacos , Toxoplasma/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Caenorhabditis elegans/efeitos dos fármacos , Brasil , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Boca/microbiologia , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study aimed to quantify Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g) from the mouth of head and neck irradiated and cancer-free patients. METHODS: Information such as age, presence of tongue coating, salivary flow, and biofilm were collected from head and neck irradiated patients (Group 1) and compared the results with a group of cancer-free individuals (Group 2). The presence of tongue coating was clinically examined. Sialometry was performed through a stimulating technique by chewing paraffin. Microbiological samples were collected from buccal and labial mucosa and tongue dorsum. Subsequently, the samples were processed and analyzed by qPCR to detect the presence and quantify the bacteria. RESULTS: There was a statistical difference in the quantity of bacteria among the 24 individuals in Group 1 (A.a, 2817 ± 8718; P.g, 3145 ± 11297) and 26 individuals in Group 2 (A.a, 133996 ± 398545; P.g, 60 ± 195) regarding tongue coating (Group 1, A.a 2194.6 ± 4641.5; Group 2, A.a 92767.8 ± 333385.7) and salivary volume (Group 1, 0.69 mL; Group 2, 3.09 mL). The linear regression analysis found that the variable group was the main responsible for the difference in the quantity of periodontal pathogens (p-value < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in the amount of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis between totally edentulous and partially edentulous (with 12 or fewer teeth) patients. CONCLUSION: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were present in significant amounts in patients of both groups, with a greater quantity in cancer-free individuals.
Assuntos
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Humanos , Porphyromonas gingivalis/isolamento & purificação , Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/isolamento & purificação , Estudos Transversais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/radioterapia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/microbiologia , Idoso , Adulto , Boca/microbiologia , Saliva/microbiologia , Biofilmes , Língua/microbiologia , Mucosa Bucal/microbiologiaRESUMO
Bats are known reservoirs for a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, helminths, and protozoa, which can be transmitted and infect other zoonotic organisms. Various studies have utilised next-generation sequencing (NGS) to describe the pathogens associated with bats. Although most have characterised microbial communities in specific body fluids, few have analysed the composition and diversity of these microbial communities across different body fluids at the individual level. In this study, we employed two next-generation sequencing techniques: amplicon-based sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S- and 18S-rRNA genes and viral metagenomics, to describe the prokaryotic, eukaryotic, and viral communities present in blood, faeces, and oral swab samples collected from two genera of bats (Carollia and Phyllostomus) in the department of Casanare, eastern Colombia. A total of 60 samples corresponding to the three bodily fluids were processed and analysed. The results indicated that the microbial communities across the body fluids were mainly composed of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and various DNA and RNA viruses, showing a variability of microbial genera and species. The abundances, diversity metrics, and correlations of these microorganisms displayed patterns associated with bat genus and body fluids, suggesting that the ecological characteristics of these microbial communities may be influenced by the ecological and physiological traits of the bats. Additionally, we found similar community compositions of bacteria, some fungal genera, and viruses in the three body fluids, indicating a possible circulation of these microbes within the same bat. This could be due to microbial movement from the gut microbiota to other physiological systems or transmission via blood-feeding vectors. Furthermore, our results revealed the presence of various microbes of public health concern, including Bartonella spp., Mannheimia haemolytica, Rhodotorula spp., Piroplasmida spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Alphacoronavirus spp., and Bat circovirus. The abundance of these pathogenic microbial species across the three bodily fluids suggests potential transmission routes from bats to other organisms, which may contribute to the emergence of zoonotic disease outbreaks. These findings highlight the variability of microorganisms present within the same bat and the different pathogen-host interactions that may regulate the presence and transmission of these zoonotic microbes. Further research is required to elucidate the genomic features, ecological interactions, and biological activities of these microbial communities in bats.
Assuntos
Quirópteros , Fezes , Animais , Quirópteros/microbiologia , Quirópteros/virologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Fezes/virologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Microbiota/genética , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Fungos/genética , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Fungos/classificação , Metagenômica/métodos , Boca/microbiologia , Boca/virologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Vírus/genética , Vírus/isolamento & purificação , Vírus/classificação , Saliva/microbiologia , Saliva/virologiaRESUMO
Currently, the number of vehicles in circulation continues to increase steadily, leading to a parallel increase in vehicular accidents. Among the many causes of these accidents, human factors such as driver drowsiness play a fundamental role. In this context, one solution to address the challenge of drowsiness detection is to anticipate drowsiness by alerting drivers in a timely and effective manner. Thus, this paper presents a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based approach for drowsiness detection by analyzing the eye region and Mouth Aspect Ratio (MAR) for yawning detection. As part of this approach, endpoint delineation is optimized for extraction of the region of interest (ROI) around the eyes. An NVIDIA Jetson Nano-based device and near-infrared (NIR) camera are used for real-time applications. A Driver Drowsiness Artificial Intelligence (DD-AI) architecture is proposed for the eye state detection procedure. In a performance analysis, the results of the proposed approach were compared with architectures based on InceptionV3, VGG16, and ResNet50V2. Night-Time Yawning-Microsleep-Eyeblink-Driver Distraction (NITYMED) was used for training, validation, and testing of the architectures. The proposed DD-AI network achieved an accuracy of 99.88% with the NITYMED test data, proving superior to the other networks. In the hardware implementation, tests were conducted in a real environment, resulting in 96.55% and 14 fps on average for the DD-AI network, thereby confirming its superior performance.
Assuntos
Condução de Veículo , Redes Neurais de Computação , Humanos , Boca/fisiologia , Olho , Fases do Sono/fisiologia , Sonolência , Inteligência Artificial , Acidentes de TrânsitoRESUMO
Oral pathobionts are essential in instigating local inflammation within the oral cavity and contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases in the gastrointestinal tract and other distant organs. Among the Gram-negative pathobionts, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum emerge as critical drivers of periodontitis, exerting their influence not only locally but also as inducers of gut dysbiosis, intestinal disturbances, and systemic ailments. This dual impact is facilitated by their ectopic colonization of the intestinal mucosa and the subsequent mediation of distal systemic effects by releasing outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) into circulation. This review elucidates the principal components of oral pathobiont-derived OMVs implicated in disease pathogenesis within the oral-gut axis, detailing virulence factors that OMVs carry and their interactions with host epithelial and immune cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we shed light on the less acknowledged interplay between oral pathobionts and the gut commensal Akkermansia muciniphila, which can directly impede oral pathobionts' growth and modulate bacterial gene expression. Notably, OMVs derived from A. muciniphila emerge as promoters of anti-inflammatory effects within the gastrointestinal and distant tissues. Consequently, we explore the potential of A. muciniphila-derived OMVs to interact with oral pathobionts and prevent disease in the oral-gut axis.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Boca , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Humanos , Boca/microbiologia , Porphyromonas gingivalis/patogenicidade , Porphyromonas gingivalis/metabolismo , Porphyromonas gingivalis/fisiologia , Periodontite/microbiologia , Periodontite/metabolismo , Animais , Fusobacterium nucleatum/metabolismo , Fusobacterium nucleatum/fisiologia , Disbiose/microbiologia , Disbiose/metabolismo , Akkermansia , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Membrana Externa Bacteriana/metabolismo , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the oral microbiome of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) before and during radiotherapy (RT), compared to healthy individuals. Evaluating the impact of oral microbiome in the clinical outcomes one year following the end of RT. METHODS: Oral samples were collected from HNSCC patients who underwent RT using the following regimens: no dose received (T0), dose 12-16 Gy (T1), dose 30-36 Gy (T2) and dose ≥ 60 Gy (T3). Samples from healthy individuals were also collected only once as a control group. Regions V1-V2 of the 16S rRNA were sequenced by Illumina and analyzed using Mothur. RESULTS: 49 patients with HNSCC and 25 healthy individuals were included. At T0, HNSCC patients showed a lower abundance of Firmicutes and Streptococcus (p = 0.011, p = 0.002) and a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes (p = 0.005) compared to healthy individuals. During RT, Fusobacterium (p = 0.017) and Porphyromonas (p = 0.0008) decreased, while Streptococcus increased at T1 (p = 0.001). By T3, the differences in Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Streptococcus between the control and HNSCC groups were no longer significant (p > 0.3). Patients with higher initial abundances of Porphyromonas (p = 0.012) and Fusobacterium (p = 0.017) had poorer outcomes, including recurrence, metastasis, and death. In contrast, disease-free patients had a higher abundance of Streptococcus (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Oral microbiome dysbiosis was found in HNSCC patients. By the end of RT, the main initial differences in phylum and genus abundance observed at T0 between the control and HNSCC groups were no longer present. Higher abundances of Fusobacterium and Porphyromonas were associated with poor outcomes.
Assuntos
Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Microbiota , RNA Ribossômico 16S , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/radioterapia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/microbiologia , Idoso , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/microbiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/radioterapia , Adulto , RNA Ribossômico 16S/análise , Boca/microbiologia , Estudos de Casos e ControlesRESUMO
The oral cavity may play a role as a reservoir and in the transmission and colonization of Helicobacter pylori. The route of transmission for H. pylori is not fully understood. The prevalence of this pathogen varies globally, affecting half of the world's population, predominantly in developing countries. Here, we review the prevalence of H. pylori in the oral cavity, the characteristics that facilitate its colonization and dynamics in the oral microbiome, the heterogeneity and diversity of virulence of among strains, and noninvasive techniques for H. pylori detection in oral samples. The prevalence of H. pylori in the oral cavity varies greatly, being influenced by the characteristics of the population, regions where samples are collected in the oral cavity, and variations in detection methods. Although there is no direct association between the presence of H. pylori in oral samples and stomach infection, positive cases for gastric H. pylori frequently exhibit a higher prevalence of the bacterium in the oral cavity, suggesting that the stomach may not be the sole reservoir of H. pylori. In the oral cavity, H. pylori can cause microbiome imbalance and remodeling of the oral ecosystem. Detection of H. pylori in the oral cavity by a noninvasive method may provide a more accessible diagnostic tool as well as help prevent transmission and gastric re-colonization. Further research into this bacterium in the oral cavity will offer insights into the treatment of H. pylori infection, potentially developing new clinical approaches.
Assuntos
Infecções por Helicobacter , Helicobacter pylori , Boca , Humanos , Helicobacter pylori/genética , Helicobacter pylori/isolamento & purificação , Boca/microbiologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/transmissão , Prevalência , Microbiota , VirulênciaRESUMO
Background: The diagnosis and treatment of lung, colon, and gastric cancer through the histologic characteristics and genomic biomarkers have not had a strong impact on the mortality rates of the top three global causes of death by cancer. Methods: Twenty-five transcriptomic analyses (10 lung cancer, 10 gastric cancer, and 5 colon cancer datasets) followed our own bioinformatic pipeline based on the utilization of specialized libraries from the R language and DAVID´s gene enrichment analyses to identify a regulatory metafirm network of transcription factors and target genes common in every type of cancer, with experimental evidence that supports its relationship with the unlocking of cell phenotypic plasticity for the acquisition of the hallmarks of cancer during the tumoral process. The network's regulatory functional and signaling pathways might depend on the constant crosstalk with the microbiome network established in the oral-gut-lung axis. Results: The global transcriptomic network analysis highlighted the impact of transcription factors (SOX4, TCF3, TEAD4, ETV4, and FOXM1) that might be related to stem cell programming and cancer progression through the regulation of the expression of genes, such as cancer-cell membrane receptors, that interact with several microorganisms, including human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1), the human papilloma virus (HPV), the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and SARS-CoV-2. These interactions can trigger the MAPK, non-canonical WNT, and IFN signaling pathways, which regulate key transcription factor overexpression during the establishment and progression of lung, colon, and gastric cancer, respectively, along with the formation of the microbiome network. Conclusion: The global transcriptomic network analysis highlights the important interaction between key transcription factors in lung, colon, and gastric cancer, which regulates the expression of cancer-cell membrane receptors for the interaction with the microbiome network during the tumorigenic process.
Assuntos
Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Transcriptoma , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/microbiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Biologia Computacional , Pulmão/microbiologia , Pulmão/patologia , Boca/microbiologia , Transdução de Sinais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Microbiota/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/microbiologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão GênicaRESUMO
Patients with orofacial clefts are more likely to develop oral fungal diseases due to anatomo-physiological changes and surgical rehabilitation treatment. This case-series study evaluated the genetic diversity and dynamics of oral colonization and spread of C. albicans and C. tropicalis in four patients with orofacial clefts, from the time of hospital admission, perioperative and outpatient follow-up, with specialized physician. Candida biotypes previously identified by CHROMagar Candida and PCR methods were studied by MALDI-TOF MS assays and clustering analyses. Possible correlations with pathogenicity characteristics were observed, including production of hydrolytic exoenzymes and the antifungal sensitivity profiles. Amphotericin B-sensitive and fluconazole-resistant (low frequency) C. tropicalis and C. albicans, including clinically compatible MIC of nystatin, were found in the oral cavity of these patients. Clusters of isolates revealed phenomena of (i) elimination in the operative phase, (ii) maintenance or (iii) acquisition of oral C. tropicalis in the perioperative period and specialized outpatient and medical follow-up. For C. albicans, these phenomena included (i) elimination in the operative phase, (ii) acquisition in the operative phase and propagation from the hospital environment, and (iii) maintenance during hospitalization and operative phase. Amphotericin B and nystatin were shown to be effective in cases of clinical treatment and/or prophylaxis, especially considering the pre-existence of fluconazole-resistant strains. This study confirmed the phenomena of septic maintenance, septic neocolonization and septic elimination involving the opportunistic pathogens. MALDI-TOF MS associated with clustering analysis may assist the monitoring of clinical isolates or groups of epidemiologically important microbial strains in the hospital setting.
Assuntos
Anfotericina B , Antifúngicos , Candida albicans , Candida tropicalis , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Genótipo , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Humanos , Candida tropicalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida tropicalis/isolamento & purificação , Candida tropicalis/genética , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Candida albicans/genética , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Anfotericina B/farmacologia , Anfotericina B/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Feminino , Boca/microbiologia , Criança , Fluconazol/farmacologia , Fluconazol/uso terapêutico , Candidíase Bucal/microbiologia , Nistatina/farmacologia , Nistatina/uso terapêutico , Técnicas de Tipagem Micológica , Fissura Palatina/cirurgia , Fenda Labial/cirurgia , Adolescente , Análise por Conglomerados , Pré-EscolarRESUMO
Oral bacteria are implicated not only in oral diseases but also in gut dysbiosis and inflammatory conditions throughout the body. The periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) often occurs in complex oral biofilms with Streptococcus gordonii (Sg), and this interaction might influence the pathogenic potential of this pathogen. This study aims to assess the impact of oral inoculation with Aa, Sg, and their association (Aa+Sg) on alveolar bone loss, oral microbiome, and their potential effects on intestinal health in a murine model. Sg and/or Aa were orally administered to C57Bl/6 mice, three times per week, for 4 weeks. Aa was also injected into the gingiva three times during the initial experimental week. After 30 days, alveolar bone loss, expression of genes related to inflammation and mucosal permeability in the intestine, serum LPS levels, and the composition of oral and intestinal microbiomes were determined. Alveolar bone resorption was detected in Aa, Sg, and Aa+Sg groups, although Aa bone levels did not differ from that of the SHAM-inoculated group. Il-1ß expression was upregulated in the Aa group relative to the other infected groups, while Il-6 expression was downregulated in infected groups. Aa or Sg downregulated the expression of tight junction genes Cldn 1, Cldn 2, Ocdn, and Zo-1 whereas infection with Aa+Sg led to their upregulation, except for Cldn 1. Aa was detected in the oral biofilm of the Aa+Sg group but not in the gut. Infections altered oral and gut microbiomes. The oral biofilm of the Aa group showed increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacterales, and Alloprevotella, while Sg administration enhanced the abundance of Alloprevotella and Rothia. The gut microbiome of infected groups showed reduced abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae. Infection with Aa or Sg disrupts both oral and gut microbiomes, impacting oral and gut homeostasis. While the combination of Aa with Sg promotes Aa survival in the oral cavity, it mitigates the adverse effects of Aa in the gut, suggesting a beneficial role of Sg associations in gut health.
Assuntos
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Perda do Osso Alveolar , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Streptococcus gordonii , Animais , Perda do Osso Alveolar/microbiologia , Perda do Osso Alveolar/etiologia , Perda do Osso Alveolar/patologia , Perda do Osso Alveolar/metabolismo , Camundongos , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Boca/microbiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Gengiva/microbiologia , Gengiva/metabolismoRESUMO
Background and objectives: The development of the oral microbiome begins in the prenatal stage. Breast milk contains antimicrobial proteins, microorganisms, metabolites, enzymes, and immunoglobulins, among others; therefore, differences have been noted in the type of microorganisms that colonize the oral cavity of children who are breastfed compared to those who are formula-fed. Our objective was to establish the relationship between breastfeeding, formula feeding, or mixed feeding (breastfeeding and formula) with the presence of S. mutans in a population of children under 6 months of age. Materials and Methods: The patients were recruited from the Child Care Center of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, and from the pediatric dentistry postgraduate clinics of the Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez; children exclusively fed maternally, with formula, and/or mixed were included. Those who had been fed within the previous hour were excluded. The sample was taken with a smear of the jugal groove using a sterile micro-brush. For the identification of Streptococcus mutans, a culture of Mitis Salivarius Agar (Millipore) was used. Results: 53.3% corresponded to females and 46.7% to males, 36.7% corresponded to maternal feeding, 23.3% corresponded to formula feeding, and 40% corresponded to mixed feeding. In 90% of the infants, the parents indicated that they did not perform oral hygiene. The CFU count showed that infants who were exclusively breastfed had an average of 9 × 10 CF/mL, formula-fed infants had an average of 78 × 10 CFU/mL, and those who had mixed feeding 21 × 10 CFU/mL. Conclusions: According to the results obtained, it was possible to corroborate that exclusive breastfeeding limits the colonization of Streptococcus mutans compared to those infants who receive formula or mixed feeding; these results could have a clinical impact on the dental health of infants by having a lower presence of one of the main etiological factors involved in dental caries and the type of microbiome established in the oral cavity.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Leite Humano , Boca , Streptococcus mutans , Humanos , Streptococcus mutans/isolamento & purificação , Leite Humano/microbiologia , Feminino , Lactente , Masculino , Boca/microbiologia , Fórmulas Infantis/estatística & dados numéricos , Recém-NascidoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Candida spp. is an opportunistic pathogen that causes superficial and invasive infections with nosocomial outbreaks without strict hygiene protocols. Herein, we assessed oral colonisation by Candida spp. in 209 Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients between July 2021 and April 2022, conducting clinical, epidemiological, and microbiological characterisation of those developing oral or invasive candidiasis. METHODS: Initial oral swabs were collected within 24 h of admission in the ICU, followed by collections on Days 2, 4, 6 and 8. Swabs from denture-wearing patients, abiotic surfaces, healthcare professionals' hands, and retroauricular regions were also obtained. Recovered yeasts and filamentous fungi were identified using MALDI-TOF MS and morphological characteristics, respectively. Genetic similarity of Candida spp. isolates was evaluated using Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and the antifungal susceptibility profile was determined by broth microdilution. RESULTS: In the study, 64.11% of patients were orally colonised by Candida spp. Of these, 80.59% were colonised within the first 24 h. Oral colonisation also occurred on subsequent days: 50%/Day 2, 26.92%/Day 4, and 11.53%/Days 6 and 8. Of the patients, 8.61% had oral candidiasis, mainly pseudomembranous. Among orally colonised patients, 2.23% developed invasive candidiasis. Besides, 89.47% of healthcare professionals evaluated were colonised. MALDI-TOF MS identified different yeast species, and C. albicans (45.34%), C. tropicalis (15.7%), and C. parapsilosis sensu stricto (9.88%) were the most prevalent. AFLP analysis indicated a high genetic correlation (≥97%) between C. parapsilosis sensu stricto isolates from patients and professionals. Three resistant C. albicans isolates were also found. CONCLUSION: This study reported a diversity of yeast and filamentous fungi species in ICU patients and highlighted early Candida spp. colonisation risks for invasive candidiasis, as well as the potential horizontal transmission in the nosocomial setting, emphasising the need for effective infection control measures.
Assuntos
Candida , Pessoal de Saúde , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Candida/genética , Candida/isolamento & purificação , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida/classificação , Idoso , Adulto , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Candidíase Bucal/microbiologia , Candidíase Bucal/epidemiologia , Candidíase Invasiva/microbiologia , Candidíase Invasiva/epidemiologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Análise do Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos Amplificados , Boca/microbiologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on Streptococcus mutans biofilm in the oral cavity using the photosensitizer chloroaluminum phthalocyanine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (ClAlPc/Ch) at three preirradiation times. METHODS: Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans strains (ATCC 25,175) were cultivated on bovine tooth blocks and exposed to a 10% sucrose solution three times a day for 1 min over three consecutive days. The samples were randomly distributed into five treatment groups (n = 5): (I) aPDT with ClAlPc/Ch with a preirradiation time of 5 min (F5), (II) aPDT with ClAlPc/Ch with a preirradiation time of 15 min (F15), (III) aPDT with ClAlPc/Ch with a preirradiation time of 30 min (F30), (IV) 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), and (V) 0.9% saline solution (NaCl). After treatment, the S. mutans biofilms formed on each specimen were collected to determine the number of viable bacteria (colony-forming units (CFU)/mL). Data were analyzed for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD tests to analyze the number of viable bacteria (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The one-way ANOVA showed a difference between the groups (p = 0.0003), and the Tukey HSD posttest showed that CHX had the highest microbial reduction of S. mutans, not statistically different from the F5 and F15 groups, whereas the NaCl group had the lowest microbial reduction statistically similar to the F30 group. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that aPDT mediated by ClAlPc/Ch when used at preirradiation times of 5-15 min can be an effective approach in controlling cariogenic biofilm of S. mutans, being an alternative to 0.12% CHX.