RESUMO
Empty follicle syndrome is a rare condition characterized by failure to retrieve oocytes despite repeated careful aspiration of mature precursor follicles during controlled ovarian stimulation. This report presents a case of empty follicle syndrome in a patient with polycystic ovary syndrome using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist as a trigger for final oocyte maturation. No oocytes were retrieved from the right ovary and the procedure was discontinued. The patient was administered an injection with 10,000 units of HCG and 3 oocytes were obtained after 24 hours. All oocytes were mature (MII); fertilization was performed with sperm from the patient's husband resulting in 3PN zygotes. The formation of 3PN zygotes from ICSI might be due to oocyte cytoplasmic disorders caused by long-term exposure to gonadotropins and increased duration of stimulation. Although our patient had false empty follicle syndrome and the hCG rescue protocol led to the retrieval of oocytes, the oocytes were not of good quality. As previously described, empty follicle syndrome is not a predictor of success in subsequent cycles. Our patient's next cycle was uneventful.
Assuntos
Gonadotropina Coriônica , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina , Indução da Ovulação , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico , Injeções de Esperma Intracitoplásmicas , Zigoto , Humanos , Feminino , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/complicações , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/tratamento farmacológico , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/agonistas , Adulto , Gonadotropina Coriônica/uso terapêutico , Indução da Ovulação/efeitos adversos , Indução da Ovulação/métodos , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacos , Recuperação de Oócitos , Folículo Ovariano/efeitos dos fármacos , Oócitos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
A sanitation method that could continually clean and disinfect the air and surfaces in a hatchery could provide a second layer of microbial reduction on top of routine cleaning and disinfection. A gaseous dry hydrogen peroxide (DHP) system has been used in other facilities for this purpose and could have potential for use in chicken hatcheries. Because the DHP is a true gas and can permeate through the entire hatchery space, contact with eggs during storage and incubation could potentially interfere with normal hatching processes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the DHP system on hatching parameters and chick quality. A total of 3,960 hatching eggs were collected from an â¼40-week-old Ross 308 broiler breeder flock and distributed in 2 treatments: treated and nontreated. For the treated group, the egg cooler was cleaned, and 1 DHP generator was placed inside. Two other DHP generators were placed in the common area outside as well. Both areas were treated for 7 D before placement of eggs, and then eggs were collected and placed inside the cooler over a 4-day period. Eggs were then stored for an additional 3 D after the last collection. Dry hydrogen peroxide levels were recorded each day during storage. For the nontreated group, all DHP machines were removed from the cooler and external room, and the egg cooler was cleaned. Eggs were collected in the same way for the control group as the treated group. After storage, eggs were placed into a single stage Natureform incubator. The eggs exposed to DHP showed higher (P < 0.05) hatchability of fertile eggs and lower (P < 0.05) early embryonic dead than eggs from the nontreated group. No other parameters evaluated were different between groups. Based on this work, the DHP treatment of fertile eggs had no detrimental effect on any performance parameter, with potential positive effects seen on hatch of fertile eggs and early embryonic dead embryos.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Desinfecção , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Zigoto , Animais , Desinfetantes/farmacologia , Desinfecção/normas , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacos , Zigoto/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of sanitizing fertile eggs with clove essential oil as an alternative to paraformaldehyde; effects on the reduction in eggshell microbial count, incubation yield, and neonatal chick quality were measured. A total of 1,460 brown fertile eggs with a mean weight of 58.64 ± 0.49 g (from 37-wk-old CPK [Pesadão Vermelho] breeder hens) were collected under aseptic conditions and randomly distributed into 4 treatments (nonsanitized and sanitized with grain alcohol, clove essential oil, and paraformaldehyde) before incubation. The count of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria was significantly lower after spraying with clove essential oil (2.30 ± 0.24 log10 CFU/mL) than on nonsanitized eggs (3.49 ± 0.34 log10 CFU/mL) or on eggs sprayed with grain alcohol (3.09 ± 0.14 log10 CFU/mL) but did not differ significantly from the count in the paraformaldehyde group (2.23 ± 0.29 log10 CFU/mL). The hatchability of fertile eggs differed significantly between the studied treatments. The mean values for the eggs treated with clove essential oil (84.69 ± 1.65%) and paraformaldehyde (81.87 ± 3.92%) were statistically similar but were higher than the negative control (74.03 ± 3.58%) and grain alcohol (73.59 ± 2.87%) values. In the Pasgar© score assessment, it was determined that the clove essential oil (9.21 ± 0.89%) had a superior effect on the physical quality of the chicks compared with the effects of the other treatments. Clove essential oil is effective and safe for eggs intended for incubation. Its use as an alternative to paraformaldehyde in the sanitation of fertile eggs is strongly recommended.
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos , Galinhas , Óleos Voláteis , Saneamento , Syzygium , Zigoto , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Animais , Carga Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Saneamento/métodos , Syzygium/química , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacos , Zigoto/microbiologiaRESUMO
The present research was conducted to assess Mn requirements of broiler breeder hens. One hundred and twenty Cobb 500 hens, 22 wk of age, were individually allocated in cages. After fed a Mn-deficient diet (22.2 ppm), hens were randomly placed in treatments having 6 increments of 30-ppm Mn. All trace minerals were from laboratory grade sources being Mn from Mn sulfate (MnSO4H2O). Treatments were fed for 4 periods of 28 d. There were no interactions between dietary Mn and period for any evaluated response (P > 0.05). Requirements of Mn for hen day egg production and settable egg production were 115.8 and 56.6 ppm and 122.1 and 63.6 ppm (P < 0.05), respectively, using quadratic polynomial (QP) and broken line quadratic (BLQ) models, whereas total eggs and total settable eggs per hen had Mn requirements estimated at 115.7 and 56.6 and 121.8 and 61.7 ppm (P < 0.05), respectively. Number of cracked, defective, and contaminated eggs decreased, whereas hatchability, hatchability of fertile eggs, eggshell percentage, and eggshell palisade layer increased when hens were fed diets having 48.5 to 168.2-ppm Mn (P < 0.05). Maximum responses for egg weight and eggshell percentage were 117.7 and 63.6 ppm as well as 131.6 and 71.0 ppm (P < 0.05), respectively, using QP and BLQ models. Breaking strength and egg specific gravity had Mn requirements estimated at 140.2 and 112.7 ppm as well as 131.3 68.5 ppm (P < 0.05), whereas eggshell palisade layer and eggshell thickness were maximized with 128.8 and 68.8 ppm and 140.2 134.2 ppm, respectively, for QP and BLQ models (P < 0.05). Maximum yolk Mn content values were obtained using 118.0- and 118.4-ppm Mn by QP and BLQ models, respectively. The average Mn requirements estimated for QP and BLQ models is 128.4 and 92.3 ppm Mn (18.7 and 13.5 mg/hen/d), respectively, which is much lower than what has been currently recommended in commercial production.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Galinhas , Dieta , Manganês , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Casca de Ovo/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Manganês/metabolismo , Manganês/farmacologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The objective of this study was to analyze the mRNA transcription levels of ten functional genes of P-glycoproteins (P-gp) in free life stages, eggs and infective larvae (L3) and in endoparasitic stages, fourth larval stage (L4) and adult males of two native isolates of Haemonchus contortus: resistant and susceptible to IVM. The IVM resistant isolate was obtained from sheep naturally infected with H. contortus, and the susceptible isolate (with no pressure to IVM) conserved since 1990. The lethal effect of IVM was evaluated under in vitro conditions, which showed significant differences between susceptible and resistant H. contortus L3 isolates (P < 0.01). The IVM susceptible isolate revealed a lethal effect of 79.22% at 11.42 mM, whereas that resistant isolate showed no lethal effect at any of the four assessed concentrations (1.43, 2.85, 5.71 and 11.42 mM) of IVM. The expression levels of ten Hco-pgp genes (1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, and 16) were evaluated in the resistant isolate of H. contortus and compared to the susceptible isolate (as control), using two constitutive genes (GAPDH and ß-tubulin). Up-regulation at two statistical significant values (P ≤ 0.05, 0.1) was the criterion to associate IVM resistance with the free life and endoparasitic stages of H. contortus. The expression levels in H. contortus adult nematodes showed 5.64 to 127.56-fold increase for Hco-pgp genes 1, 9, 12, 14, and 16, followed by an increase for Hco-pgp-2 (49.75-fold) and Hco-pgp-10 (106.40-fold) in L4, and for Hco-pgp-16 (2.90-fold) in eggs (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, high expression levels with P < 0.1 were detected in H. contortus L3, L4, and adults for Hco-pgp genes 1, 4, 11, 12, and 16, with changes ranging from 2.17 to 29.72-fold. In conclusion, the highest expression was observed in the adult stage of H. contortus, and the most frequent gene with a significant P-value was Hco-pgp-16, revealing it plays an important role in IVM resistance.
Assuntos
Subfamília B de Transportador de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Resistência a Medicamentos/genética , Haemonchus/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Helminto/genética , Ivermectina/farmacologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Subfamília B de Transportador de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Animais , Expressão Gênica , Hemoncose , Haemonchus/genética , Haemonchus/metabolismo , Proteínas de Helminto/metabolismo , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/genética , Larva/metabolismo , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ovinos , Regulação para Cima , Zigoto/citologia , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacos , Zigoto/metabolismoRESUMO
Because di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) toxicity on ovarian function is incomplete, effects of DEHP oocyte fertilization and the resulting zygotes were investigated. Further, an analysis characterizing the stage of zygote arrest was performed. Female CD1 mice were dosed orally with DEHP (0, 20, 200 and 2000⯵g/kg/day) for 30 days. Following an in vivo mating post-dosing, DEHP-treated females exhibited fewer oocytes/zygotes, fewer oocytes displaying the polar body extrusion, fewer 1-cell zygotes having 2-pronuclei, more unfertilized oocytes, and decreased number of zygotes at every stage of development. DEHP induced blastomere fragmentation in zygotes. DNA replication in zygotes directly assessed by the 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (5-EdU) incorporation assay and indirectly by dosing mice with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) suggested that DEHP inhibits DNA replication. Our data suggest that DEHP at doses found in 'every-day' (200⯵g/Kg/day) or occupational (2000⯵g/Kg/day) environments induces zygote fragmentation and arrests its development from the 2-cell stage potentially impairing DNA replication.
Assuntos
Dietilexilftalato/toxicidade , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Oócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Plastificantes/toxicidade , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Oral , Animais , Feminino , Fertilização/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , CamundongosRESUMO
Transgenic chickens are of great interest for the production of recombinant proteins in their eggs. However, the use of constitutive strong promoters or the tissue-specific ovalbumin promoter for the generation of the transgenic chickens have different drawbacks that have to be overcome in order to make chicken bioreactor an efficient production system. This prompted us to investigate the use of an alternative tissue-specific promoter, the vitellogenin promoter, which could overcome the difficulties currently found in the generation of chicken bioreactors. In the present work we establish and characterize a DNA construct consisting of a fragment of the 5´-flanking region of the chicken vitellogenin II gene cloned in a reporter vector. This construct is capable of showing the ability of the promoter to drive expression of a reporting gene in a tissue-specific manner and in a way that closely resembles physiologic regulation of vitellogenin, making it an ideal candidate to be used in the future for generation of avian bioreactors. Besides, we validate an in vitro culture system to test the performance of the DNA construct under study that could be used as a practical tool before generating any transgenic chicken. These results are important since they provide the proof of concept for the use of the vitellogenin promoter for future genetic modification of chickens bioreactors with improved characteristics in terms of quality of the recombinant protein produced.
Assuntos
Proteínas Aviárias/genética , Galinhas/genética , Vetores Genéticos/química , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Vitelogeninas/genética , Região 5'-Flanqueadora , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Proteínas Aviárias/metabolismo , Reatores Biológicos , Embrião de Galinha , Galinhas/metabolismo , Clonagem Molecular , Estradiol/farmacologia , Feminino , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Genes Reporter , Vetores Genéticos/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/citologia , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Luciferases/genética , Luciferases/metabolismo , Cultura Primária de Células , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Receptores de Estrogênio , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/metabolismo , Transfecção/métodos , Vitelogeninas/metabolismo , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacos , Zigoto/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Zigoto/metabolismoRESUMO
Common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. has been shown to be a recalcitrant plant to induce somatic embryogenesis (SE) under in vitro conditions. An alternative strategy to yield SE is based upon the use of a cytokinin (benzyladenine) coupled with osmotic stress adaptation instead of the auxin-inducing SE in common bean. Here we described the induction of proembryogenic masses (PEM) derived from the apical meristem and cotyledonary zone of zygotic embryos, from which secondary SE indirect embryogenesis emerged. Maturation of SE was achieved by using osmotic stress medium and converted to plants. Long-term recurrent SE was demonstrated by propagation of PEM at early stages of SE. This protocol is currently being applied for stable genetic transformation by means of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and biobalistics as well as basic biochemical and molecular biology research.
Assuntos
Phaseolus/embriologia , Técnicas de Embriogênese Somática de Plantas/métodos , Citocininas/farmacologia , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Pressão Osmótica/efeitos dos fármacos , Phaseolus/efeitos dos fármacos , Regeneração/efeitos dos fármacos , Sementes/fisiologia , Esterilização , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacos , Zigoto/metabolismoRESUMO
Although the cultivation of transgenic plants expressing toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) represents a successful pest management strategy, the rapid evolution of resistance to Bt plants in several lepidopteran pests has threatened the sustainability of this practice. By exhibiting a favorable safety profile and allowing integration with pest management initiatives, plant essential oils have become relevant pest control alternatives. Here, we assessed the potential of essential oils extracted from a Neotropical plant, Siparuna guianensis Aublet, for improving the control and resistance management of key lepidopteran pests (i.e., Spodoptera frugiperda and Anticarsia gemmatalis). The essential oil exhibited high toxicity against both lepidopteran pest species (including an S. frugiperda strain resistant to Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab Bt toxins). This high insecticidal activity was associated with necrotic and apoptotic effects revealed by in vitro assays with lepidopteran (but not human) cell lines. Furthermore, deficits in reproduction (e.g., egg-laying deterrence and decreased egg viability), larval development (e.g., feeding inhibition) and locomotion (e.g., individual and grouped larvae walking activities) were recorded for lepidopterans sublethally exposed to the essential oil. Thus, by similarly and efficiently controlling lepidopteran strains susceptible and resistant to Bt toxins, the S. guianensis essential oil represents a promising management tool against key lepidopteran pests.
Assuntos
Resistência a Inseticidas/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Laurales/química , Mariposas/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Spodoptera/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Bacillus thuringiensis/química , Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis , Proteínas de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Bactérias/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Endotoxinas/isolamento & purificação , Endotoxinas/farmacologia , Proteínas Hemolisinas/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas Hemolisinas/farmacologia , Inseticidas/isolamento & purificação , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/fisiologia , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Locomoção/fisiologia , Mariposas/fisiologia , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Spodoptera/fisiologia , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacos , Zigoto/fisiologiaRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE: Acacia cochliacantha is a small tree whose foliage is traditionally used in Mexico for treatment of kidney pain, gastrointestinal illnesses and to kill intestinal parasites. In recent decades, the study of vegetal extracts has offered other possible alternatives for the control of Haemonchus contortus. Considering that this nematode affects dramatically the health and productivity of small ruminants, the aim of this study was to identify the anthelmintic compounds from A. cochliacantha hydro-alcoholic extract (HA-E) through an ovicidal test. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In vitro egg hatch assay was conducted to determinate the anthelmintic effects of a HA-E (60g). Liquid-liquid ethyl acetate/water extraction gave two fractions (EtOAc-F, 1.92g; Aq-F; 58.1g). The less polar compounds from ethyl acetate fraction were extracted by addition of dichloromethane offering a precipitate phase (Mt-F, 1.25g) and a soluble mixture (DCMt-F 1.15g). All fractions were evaluated for ovicidal activity obtaining the egg hatching inhibition (EHI, 0.07-25mg/mL). Ivermectin (0.5mg/mL) was used as a reference drug (positive control), and distilled water, 2.5% DMSO and 2% methanol were used as negative controls. The isolated compounds from the most active fractions were subjected to spectroscopic (1H NMR) Spectrometric (MS) and UV HPLC analysis in order to identify the bioactive compounds. RESULTS: The less polar treatments (AcOEt-F, DCMt-F, DCMt-P) showed the highest ovicidal activities (98-100% EHI; at 0.62-1.56mg/mL) and the major compounds found in these fractions were identified as caffeoyl and coumaroyl derivatives, including caffeic acid (1), p-coumaric acid (2), ferulic acid (3), methyl caffeate (4), methyl-p-coumarate (5), methyl ferulate (6) and quercetin. In case of the less active fractions (Aq-F, Mt-F) were constituted principally by glycosylated flavonoids. CONCLUSION: These results show that caffeoyl and coumaroyl derivatives from Acacia cochliacantha leaves had promising anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus. This leguminous may offer an alternative source for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants.
Assuntos
Acacia , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Haemonchus , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacos , Acacia/química , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/química , Ácidos Cafeicos/análise , Cinamatos/análise , Flavonoides/análise , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Propionatos/análiseRESUMO
Haemonchus contortus is one of the major gastrointestinal nematodes responsible for significant economic and production losses of sheep. Diseases caused by this species lack effective anthelmintic products, and the search for new compounds to replace synthetic anthelmintics has been extensive. The present investigation assesses the in vitro activity of the essential oil of melaleuca (Melaleuca alternifolia), both free (TTO) and nanostructured (nanoTTO), and terpinen-4-ol (terp-4-ol) on eggs and larvae of H. contortus. Tests of egg hatching (EHT) and inhibition of larval migration (LMIT) were used to assess the in vitro efficacy of TTO, nanoTTO and terp-4-ol. Using EHT, at a concentration of 3.5 mg/ml, 100% inhibition occurred using TTO and terp-4-ol, with LC50 values of 0.43 and 0.63 mg/ml, and LC90 values of 1.75 mg/ml and 3.12 mg/ml, respectively. NanoTTO had lower activity, with 82.6% inhibition at the same concentration. Using LMIT, TTO and nanoTTO had a similar activity with 88.0% and 84.8% inhibition, respectively, at a concentration of 56 mg/ml. Terp-4-ol had a greater effect on larvae, with 85.7% inhibition at a concentration of 56 mg/ml and 82.4% at 3.5 mg/ml, demonstrating high activity at the lowest concentration tested. Therefore, the results indicate that all substances tested showed ovicidal and larvicidal activity against H. contortus. TTO, terp-4-ol and, mainly, nanoTTO may be targeted in in vivo studies, besides being a promising line of research into the control and treatment of veterinary important helminths.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Haemonchus/efeitos dos fármacos , Melaleuca/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Terpenos/farmacologia , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/isolamento & purificação , Bioensaio , Haemonchus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Análise de Sobrevida , Terpenos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) represents 5% of all solar UV radiation and chronic exposure can induce harmful biological responses, including skin cancer. Prospection of new drugs with photoprotective properties and less toxic effects is constant and natural products have been the main options in this field. Coumarins are a group of natural phenolic compounds that shows several pharmacological activities. The aim of present work was to investigate the effect of coumarin and six derivatives in sea urchin gametes and zygotes exposed to UVB. Embryonic development assay was used to monitor UVB embryotoxicity. Firstly, we demonstrated that coumarin inhibited first embryonic cell division from 5 µM (EC50 = 52.9 µM) and its derivatives showed an embryotoxic effect ten times higher. Then, gametes or zygotes were treated with coumarin compounds before or after UVB exposure (UVB doses ranged from 0.056 to 0.9 kJm(-2)). Pretreatment of gametes or zygotes with coumarin or 3-hydroxycoumarin (1 µM, both) decreased UVB embryotoxic effect. Protective effect of the compounds was observed only when cells were treated previous to UVB exposure. Coumarin derivatives 4-hydroxycoumarin, 6-hydroxycoumarin, 7-hydroxycoumarin, 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin and 6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin did not exhibit photoprotective activity. Our data provides evidences that coumarin and 3-hydroxycoumarin can be a promising class of photoprotective drugs.
Assuntos
Cumarínicos/farmacologia , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Protetores contra Radiação/farmacologia , Ouriços-do-Mar/efeitos dos fármacos , Ouriços-do-Mar/embriologia , Umbeliferonas/farmacologia , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Embrião não Mamífero/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Masculino , Óvulo/efeitos dos fármacos , Óvulo/efeitos da radiação , Ouriços-do-Mar/efeitos da radiação , Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Raios Ultravioleta , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacos , Zigoto/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
The main goal of the current work was to develop and validate an in vitro fluke egg hatch test, as a method for the detection of albendazole (ABZ) resistance in the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. Fluke eggs (200/ml, n= 5) from six different isolates were used in the current experimental work. They were obtained from different geographical locations and named Cullompton (UK), CEDIVE (Chascomus, Argentina), INTA-Bariloche (Bariloche, Argentina), Rubino (Uruguay), Cajamarca (Perú) and Río Chico (Catamarca, Argentina). The fluke eggs were incubated (25 °C) for a 12-h period in the presence of either ABZ or its sulphoxide metabolite (ABZ.SO) (5, 0.5 or 0.05 nmol/ml). Untreated eggs were incubated as a control. Incubated eggs (with or without drug present) were kept in darkness at 25 °C for 15 days. Afterwards, the trematode eggs were exposed to daylight over a 2-h period. Hatched and unhatched eggs were evaluated using an optical microscope, and the ovicidal activity was assessed for each fluke isolate. A very low ovicidal activity ( ≤ 13.4%) was observed in the ABZ-resistant CEDIVE isolate for both ABZ and ABZ.SO. Conversely, in the INTA-Bariloche and Río Chico isolates, which are suspected to be susceptible to ABZ, ovicidal activities ≥ 70.3% were observed after incubation with ABZ at the lowest concentration tested (0.05 nmol/ml). This finding correlates with that previously described for the ABZ-susceptible Cullompton. Finally, the Cajamarca and Rubino isolates behaved as ABZ resistant, since no ovicidal activity was observed after eggs were incubated with ABZ at 0.5 nmol/ml. Considering the specific results obtained for each isolate under assessment, the egg hatch test described here may be a suitable method for detection of ABZ resistance in F. hepatica.
Assuntos
Albendazol/farmacologia , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Resistência a Medicamentos , Fasciola hepatica/efeitos dos fármacos , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Fasciola hepatica/fisiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária/métodos , Coelhos , América do Sul , Temperatura , Fatores de Tempo , Reino Unido , Zigoto/fisiologiaRESUMO
The effects of six new synthetic carbamates on fully engorged females of four Rhipicephalus microplus strains (one reference strain susceptible to conventional ixodicides, two strains multiresistant to ixodicides and one tick field isolate) were compared. In addition, the effect of two other new synthetic carbamates was tested on larvae from the same strains. The first six tested carbamates reduced egg laying and inhibited egg hatching in the four studied strains (P<0.05). Compared with untreated females, the eggs produced by the treated engorged female ticks of all strains had a dark, dry, opaque appearance and were less adherent. The remaining two tested carbamates induced larval mortality in all of the evaluated strains. The three studied R. microplus strains displayed 50% resistance ratios (RR50) of less than 2 when compared to the susceptible reference strain. These results demonstrate that both carbamates with a larvicidal effect and carbamates that inhibit egg laying and embryo development are efficacious against tick strains that are resistant to commercial ixodicides, no cross resistance was observed.
Assuntos
Acaricidas/farmacologia , Carbamatos/farmacologia , Rhipicephalus/efeitos dos fármacos , Uretana/farmacologia , Animais , Resistência a Medicamentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Oviposição/efeitos dos fármacos , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The aim of this work was to identify the compounds and to investigate the acaricidal activity of the essential oil from the leaves of Lippia sidoides on Rhipicephalus microplus and Dermacentor nitens. The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In total, 15 compounds comprising 99.97 % of the total peak area were identified. The main constituent of the essential oil was thymol (67.60 %). The acaricidal activity was assessed by the modified larval packet test, with oil concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 µl/ml, and by the female immersion test with concentrations of 10.0, 20.0, 40.0, 60.0, and 80.0 µl/ml. The mortality of the R. microplus and D. nitens larvae was greater than 95 % starting at concentrations of 10.0 and 20.0 µl/ml, respectively. In the test with the engorged females, the L. sidoides essential oil starting at a concentration of 40.0 µl/ml caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the values of the egg mass weight and egg production index. The viability of the eggs was affected in all the treated groups, with significantly lower hatching rates (p < 0.05) in relation to the control group. The control percentages at concentrations of 10.0, 20.0, and 30.0 µl/ml were 54, 57, and 72 %, and reached 100 % at the highest two concentrations (60.0 and 80.0 µl/ml). Therefore, it can be concluded that the essential oil from the leaves of L. sidoides has acaricidal activity on R. microplus and D. nitens.
Assuntos
Acaricidas/química , Acaricidas/farmacologia , Dermacentor/efeitos dos fármacos , Lippia/química , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Rhipicephalus/efeitos dos fármacos , Acaricidas/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Bioensaio , Feminino , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Folhas de Planta/química , Análise de Sobrevida , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Although somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a promising tool, its potential use is hampered by the high mortality rates during the development to term of cloned offspring. Abnormal epigenetic reprogramming of donor nuclei after SCNT is thought to be the main cause of this low efficiency. We hypothesized that chromatin-modifying agents (CMAs) targeting chromatin acetylation and DNA methylation could alter the chromatin configuration and turn them more amenable to reprogramming. Thus, bovine fibroblasts were treated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA) plus trichostatin (TSA) or hydralazine (HH) plus valproic acid (VPA) whereas, in another trial, cloned bovine zygotes were treated with TSA. The treatment of fibroblasts with either AZA+TSA or HH+VPA increased histone acetylation, but did not affect the level of DNA methylation. However, treatment with HH+VPA decreased cellular viability and proliferation. The use of these cells as nuclear donors showed no positive effect on pre- and postimplantation development. Regarding the treatment of cloned zygotes with TSA, treated one-cell embryos showed an increase in the acetylation patterns, but not in the level of DNA methylation. Moreover, this treatment revealed no positive effect on pre- and postimplantation development. This work provides evidence the treatment of either nuclear donor cells or cloned zygotes with CMAs has no positive effect on pre- and postimplantation development of cloned cattle.
Assuntos
Bovinos , Núcleo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina/efeitos dos fármacos , Clonagem de Organismos/métodos , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Azacitidina/análogos & derivados , Azacitidina/farmacologia , Bovinos/embriologia , Bovinos/genética , Bovinos/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/fisiologia , Células Cultivadas , Decitabina , Feminino , Histonas/metabolismo , Hidralazina/farmacologia , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/farmacologia , Técnicas de Transferência Nuclear/veterinária , Gravidez , Nascimento a Termo/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Valproico/farmacologia , Zigoto/fisiologiaRESUMO
Weathered crude oil in the Gulf of Mexico can result from oil spills such as the Deepwater Horizon incident that occurred on April 20, 2010 or from natural seeps. Adult waterbirds of the Gulf Coast region may become exposed to weathered crude oil while foraging, wading, or resting, and residues can then be transferred to nests, eggs, and hatchlings. Although the toxicity of many types of crude oil to avian embryos has been thoroughly studied, the effects of weathered crude oil on developing avian embryos are not well characterized. The objective of the present study was to examine embryotoxicity of weathered crude oil collected from the Gulf of Mexico in June 2010 using mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) as a model species. Weathered crude oil was applied to fertilized mallard duck eggs by paintbrush in masses ranging from 0.1 to 99.9 mg on day 3 of incubation. Mortality occurred as early as day 7 and the conservatively derived median lethal application of weathered crude oil was 30.8 mg/egg (0.5 mg/g egg) or 30.7 µl/egg (0.5 µl/g egg). Body mass, liver and spleen mass, crown-rump and bill lengths, and frequency of deformities were not significantly different among hatchlings from oiled and control eggs. In comparison to published reports of fresh crude oil embryotoxicity, weathered crude oil was considerably less toxic. We conclude that avian toxicity varies according to the degree of crude oil weathering and the stage of embryonic development at the time of exposure. Results indicate bird eggs exposed to weathered crude oil from the Gulf of Mexico during summer 2010 may have had reduced hatching success.
Assuntos
Patos/embriologia , Embrião não Mamífero/efeitos dos fármacos , Petróleo/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , Monitoramento Ambiental , México , Tempo (Meteorologia) , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of donor breed on pronuclear-stage embryo yield to be used for DNA microinjection in a transgenesis goat program. Twelve Canindé and twelve Saanen goats were heat synchronized using a progestagen-cloprostenol treatment. Forty-eight hours before the sponge removal, superovulation was induced with a total administration of 4.4 mg/kg bodyweight NIH-FSH-P1, given twice daily in decreasing doses over 3 days. In addition, goats received 100 µg of GnRH and they were hand-mated at 36 and 48 h after progestagen removal. Embryo recovery was performed by oviduct flushing at 72 h after sponge removal. Embryos were microinjected with a DNA construct and noticeable swelling of the nuclei was the criterion for successful microinjection. The total diameter, cytoplasm diameter, zona pellucida thickness and pronuclei diameter were measured for each microinjected embryo. A higher (p < 0.05) percentage of fertilized ova was observed in Canindé (89.9%) than Saanen (36.2%) goats. In addition, Canindé donors produced a higher percentage of pronuclear embryos when compared with Saanen: 72.5% vs 20.6% (p < 0.05), respectively. Successful microinjection was verified in 96.7% and 73.3% of times in Canindé and Saanen embryos, respectively (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed for all morphometric parameters except for cytoplasm diameter. In conclusion, under our study experimental conditions, Canindé were more efficient than Saanen goats concerning the pronuclear embryo yield and manipulation. The use of Canindé goats in transgenesis programs could be increase the interest in their breeding and could be contribute to saving them from extinction.
Assuntos
DNA/genética , Cabras/embriologia , Cabras/genética , Microinjeções/veterinária , Zigoto/fisiologia , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Sincronização do Estro , Feminino , Fármacos para a Fertilidade Feminina/administração & dosagem , Fármacos para a Fertilidade Feminina/farmacologia , Superovulação , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The increased use of agrochemical pesticides, such as atrazine (ATZ) and endosulfan (END), may have a significant impact on ecosystem health and biodiversity. The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of in ovum exposure to ATZ and END on Caiman latirostris gonadal histo-functional features. Caiman eggs were collected from environmentally pristine areas and incubated in controlled conditions at male producing temperature (33 degrees C). At stage 20 of embryonic development, the sensitive stage for gonadal sex determination, eggs were exposed to one dose of either END or ATZ. Gonadal histo-morphology was examined in caiman hatchlings and serum levels of testosterone were measured. Regardless of treatment condition, all eggs incubated at 33 degrees C resulted in male hatchlings. Tortuous seminiferous tubules with increased perimeter, disrupted distribution of peritubular myoid cells (desmin positive), and emptied tubular lumens characterized the testes of pesticide-exposed caiman. An imbalance between proliferative activity and cell death was observed in the testes of caiman exposed to the higher doses of END, mainly due to a high frequency of apoptosis in intratubular cells. This altered cell turnover was associated with decreased testosterone levels. Prenatal exposure to only one dose of END and ATZ disrupted neonatal male gonadal histo-functional features. Alterations described here could have detrimental effects on the sexual maturation of the caiman and, ultimately, on the success of male caiman reproduction.
Assuntos
Jacarés e Crocodilos/embriologia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/farmacologia , Testículo/anormalidades , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testosterona/sangue , Zigoto/efeitos dos fármacos , Actinas/metabolismo , Jacarés e Crocodilos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Apoptose , Atrazina/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células , Desmina/metabolismo , Endossulfano/farmacologia , Masculino , Túbulos Seminíferos/metabolismo , Túbulos Seminíferos/patologia , Testículo/metabolismo , Testículo/patologia , Zigoto/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Ooplasmic factors drive nuclear organization after fertilization and are also important for re-programming in nuclear transfer procedures, in which artificial activation is essential for reconstructed embryos to progress in development. The present research evaluated the effect of pronuclear transfer (PT) between zygotes parthenogenetically activated with ionomycin followed by strontium (S) or 6-DMAP (D) on early embryonic development. PT was performed in the same zygote to obtain embryos in control groups (S-PT and D-PT) and between zygotes activated with S and D to achieve embryos with differentially activated cytoplasm (C) and nucleus (N) (SCDN and DCSN). PT procedure did not affect cleavage and blastocyst rates, respectively, in PT control groups compared to non-manipulated control (S-PT: 73.6% and 7.3% compared with S-Control: 77.9% and 7.8%; and D-PT: 73.3% and 31.7% compared with D-Control: 83.1% and 41.5%). Cleavage, eight-cell, and blastocyst rates, respectively, were similar between SCDN (76.5%, 36.4%, and 6.8%) and DCSN (69.5%, 25.0%, and 4.9%) embryos. Developmental rates in SCDN were similar to S-PT, but inferior to D-PT. Developmental arrest up to eight-cell stage was greater in SCDN and DCSN than in S-PT and D-PT. In conclusion, karyoplast exchange between parthenogenetic zygotes activated with strontium and 6-DMAP can lead to nuclear-cytoplasmic incompatibilities and affect embryonic development to the eight-cell and blastocyst stages.