RESUMO
Myocarditis is a major cause of heart failure and death, particularly in young individuals. Current treatments are mainly symptomatic, but emerging therapies focus on targeting inflammation and fibrosis pathways. Natural bioactive compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids show promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Corticosteroids are frequently employed in the treatment of autoimmune myocarditis and appear to lower mortality rates compared to conventional therapies for heart failure. This study aims to explore the effects of Mangiferin on pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, nitro-oxidative stress markers, histopathological alterations, and cardiac function in experimental myosin-induced autoimmune myocarditis. The effects were compared to Prednisone, used as a reference anti-inflammatory compound, and Trolox, used as a reference antioxidant. The study involved 30 male Wistar-Bratislava rats, which were randomly divided into five groups: a negative control group (C-), a positive control group with induced myocarditis using a porcine myosin solution (C+), three groups with induced myocarditis receiving Mangiferin (M), Prednisone (P), or Trolox (T) as treatment. Cardiac function was evaluated using echocardiography. Biochemical measurements of nitro-oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were conducted. Finally, histopathological changes were assessed. At echocardiography, the evaluation of the untreated myocarditis group showed a trend toward decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) but was not statistically significant, while all treated groups showed some improvement in LVEF and left ventricular fraction shortening (LVFS). Significant changes were seen in the Mangiferin group, with lower end-diastolic left ventricular posterior wall (LVPWd) by day 21 compared to the Trolox group (p < 0.001). In the first week of the experiment, levels of interleukins (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were significantly higher in the myosin group compared to the negative control group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.01), indicating the progression of inflammation in this group. Treatment with Mangiferin, Prednisone, and Trolox caused a significant reduction in IL-1ß compared to the positive control group (p < 0.001). Notably, Mangiferin resulted in a superior reduction in IL-1ß compared to Prednisone (p < 0.05) and Trolox (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Mangiferin treatment led to a statistically significant increase in total oxidative capacity (TAC) (p < 0.001) and a significant reduction in nitric oxide (NOx) levels (p < 0.001) compared to the negative control group. Furthermore, when compared to the Prednisone-treated group, Mangiferin significantly reduced NOx levels (p < 0.001) and increased TAC levels (p < 0.001). Mangiferin treatment significantly lowered creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels on day 7 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively) and reduced CK levels on day 21 (p < 0.01) compared to the untreated group. In the nontreated group, the histological findings at the end of the experiment were consistent with myocarditis. In the group treated with Mangiferin, only one case exhibited mild inflammatory infiltrates, represented by mononucleated leukocytes admixed with few neutrophils, with the severity graded as mild. Statistically significant correlations between the grades (0 vs. 1-2) and the study groups have been highlighted (p < 0.005). This study demonstrated Mangiferin's cardioprotective effects in autoimmune myocarditis, showing reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. Mangiferin appears promising as a treatment for acute myocarditis, but further research is needed to compare its efficacy with other treatments like Trolox and Prednisone.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios , Antioxidantes , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Miocardite , Estresse Oxidativo , Ratos Wistar , Xantonas , Animais , Miocardite/tratamento farmacológico , Miocardite/metabolismo , Miocardite/patologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Xantonas/farmacologia , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Miocárdio/patologia , CromanosRESUMO
Mangiferin(MGF) exhibits crucial biological roles, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. However, how to clearly elucidate the functioning mechanism of MGF for inhibiting cisplatin-induced hearing loss requires in-depth investigation. In this work, we aimed at gaining insight into how MGF functions as the protective agent against cisplatin-triggered ototoxicity using various assays. The variation for reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations was determined with MitoSOX-Red and 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining (DCFH-DA). The protective function and corresponding mechanism of MGF in hair cell survival in the House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti (HEI-OC1) cell line were assessed using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Our findings demonstrated that MGF significantly alleviated cisplatin-induced injury to hair cells in vitro, encompassing cell lines and cochlear explants, as well as in vivo models, including C57BL/6â¯J mice and zebrafish larvae. Mechanistic studies revealed that MGF reversed the increased accumulation of ROS and inhibited cell apoptosis through mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic pathway. Moreover, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting data indicated MGF protected against cisplatin-mediated ototoxicity via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK). These findings demonstrated MGF has significant potential promise in combating cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, offering a foundation for expanded investigation into therapeutic approaches for auditory protection.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Cisplatino , Células Ciliadas Auditivas , Perda Auditiva Neurossensorial , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Ototoxicidade , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Xantonas , Peixe-Zebra , Cisplatino/toxicidade , Cisplatino/efeitos adversos , Animais , Ototoxicidade/prevenção & controle , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Camundongos , Perda Auditiva Neurossensorial/induzido quimicamente , Perda Auditiva Neurossensorial/tratamento farmacológico , Perda Auditiva Neurossensorial/metabolismo , Perda Auditiva Neurossensorial/prevenção & controle , Perda Auditiva Neurossensorial/patologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Xantonas/farmacologia , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Células Ciliadas Auditivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Ciliadas Auditivas/metabolismo , Células Ciliadas Auditivas/patologia , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Antioxidantes/farmacologiaRESUMO
Background and Objectives: Hyperglycemia is known to undermine the osteointegration process of implants. In this study, the effects of mangiferin (MF) on the post-implant osteointegration process in a type-II diabetes model were investigated molecularly and morphologically. Materials and Methods: Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into three groups: control, diabetes, and diabetes + MF. All animals were implanted in their tibia bones on day 0. At the end of the 3-month experimental period, the animals' blood and the implant area were isolated. Biochemical measurements were performed on blood samples and micro-CT, qRT-PCR, histological, and immunohistochemical measurements were performed on tibia samples. Results: MF significantly improved the increased glucose, triglyceride-VLDL levels, and liver enzymes due to diabetes. By administering MF to diabetic rats, the osteointegration percentage and bone volume increased while porosity decreased. DKK1 and BMP-2 mRNA expressions and OPN, OCN, and OSN mRNA-protein expressions increased by MF administration in diabetic rats. Additionally, while osteoblast and osteoid surface areas increased with MF, osteoclast and eroded surface areas decreased. Conclusions: The findings of our study indicate that MF will be beneficial to the bone-repairing process and osteointegration, which are impaired by type-II diabetes.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Osseointegração , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Xantonas , Animais , Xantonas/farmacologia , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Ratos , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Osseointegração/efeitos dos fármacos , Tíbia/efeitos dos fármacos , Microtomografia por Raio-X , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização IntercelularRESUMO
Mangiferin is a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone that has shown promising immunomodulatory effects. It is generally isolated from the leaves, peels, bark, and kernels of Mangifera indica Linn. Mangiferin is like a miraculous natural bioactive molecule that has an immunomodulatory function that makes it a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cancer. The anticancer activity of mangiferin acts by blocking NF-κB, as well as regulating the ß-catenin, EMT, MMP9, MMP2, LDH, ROS, and NO, and also by the activation of macrophages. It has no cytotoxic effect on grown chondrocytes and lowers matrix metalloproteinase levels. Additionally, it has a potent proapoptotic impact on synoviocytes. The precise molecular mechanism of action of mangiferin on RA and malignancies is still unknown. This comprehensive review elaborates on the immunomodulatory effect of mangiferin and its anticancer and anti-RA activity. This also explained the total synthesis of mangiferin and its in vitro and in vivo screening models.
Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide , Neoplasias , Xantonas , Xantonas/farmacologia , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Xantonas/química , Humanos , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Reumatoide/imunologia , Animais , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/imunologia , Agentes de Imunomodulação/farmacologia , Agentes de Imunomodulação/químicaRESUMO
Hypertension affects a large number of individuals globally and is a common cause of nephropathy, stroke, ischaemic heart disease and other vascular diseases. While many anti-hypertensive medications are used safely and effectively in clinic practice, controlling hypertensive complications solely by reducing blood pressure (BP) can be challenging. α-Mangostin, a xanthone molecule extracted from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L., has shown various beneficial effects such as anti-tumor, anti-hyperuricemia, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effects of α-Mangostin on hypertension remain unknown. In this study, we observed that α-Mangostin significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), possibly through the down-regulation of angiotensin II (Ang II). We also identified early markers of hypertensive nephropathy, including urinary N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and ß2-microglobulin (ß2-MG), which were reduced by α-Mangostin treatment. Mechanistic studies suggested that α-Mangostin may inhibit renal tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) by down-regulating the TGF-ß signaling pathway, thus potentially offering a new therapeutic approach for hypertension and hypertensive nephropathy.
Assuntos
Angiotensina II , Pressão Sanguínea , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Hipertensão , Xantonas , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Ratos , Angiotensina II/metabolismo , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibrose/tratamento farmacológico , Garcinia mangostana/química , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/patologia , Hipertensão Renal/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão Renal/patologia , Nefrite , Ratos Endogâmicos SHR , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Xantonas/farmacologia , Xantonas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the primary target and potential mechanism of mangiferin (MF) in treating oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) through Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database chip mining, network pharmacology, and molecular docking techniques. METHODS: Potential therapeutic targets for OSF were identified using GEO chip data. The potential targets of MF were predicted, and disease-related targets for OSF were collected from databases. A Venn diagram was created using the EVenn platform to identify overlapping targets. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING database. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed using the DAVID platform. Cytoscape 3.10.1 software was used to visualize a drug-target-pathway-disease network, while AutoDocktools 1.5.6 software was employed for molecular docking analysis. RESULTS: A total of 356 potential targets for MF and 360 disease-related targets for OSF were obtained from multiple databases. The top 15 key target proteins in the PPI network were selected as significant candidates. GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that MF treatment primarily involved advanced glycation end products-receptor (AGE-RAGE), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and other signaling pathways associated with OSF pathogenesis. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that MF exhibited a strong binding activity toward AKT serine kinase 1 (AKT1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and other core targets. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that MF may exert its therapeutic effects on OSF through a multitarget approach involving various signaling pathways.
Assuntos
Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Farmacologia em Rede , Fibrose Oral Submucosa , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas , Xantonas , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Xantonas/farmacologia , Fibrose Oral Submucosa/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrose Oral Submucosa/metabolismo , Humanos , Ontologia Genética , Mineração de Dados , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Software , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Mangiferin is a Chinese herbal extract with multiple biological activities. Mangiferin can penetrate the bloodâbrain barrier and has potential in the treatment of nervous system diseases. These findings suggest that mangiferin protects the neurological function in ischemic stroke rats by targeting multiple signaling pathways. However, little is known about the effect and mechanism of mangiferin in alleviating poststroke cognitive impairment. METHODS: Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rats were generated via middle cerebral artery occlusion. Laser speckle imaging was used to monitor the cerebral blood flow. The I/R rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 40 mg/kg mangiferin for 7 consecutive days. Neurological scoring, and TTC staining were performed to evaluate neurological function. Behavioral experiments, including the open field test, elevated plus maze, sucrose preference test, and novel object recognition test, were performed to evaluate cognitive function. Metabolomic data from brain tissue with multivariate statistics were analyzed by gas chromatographyâmass spectrometry and liquid chromatographyâmass spectrometry. RESULTS: Mangiferin markedly decreased neurological scores, and reduced infarct areas. Mangiferin significantly attenuated anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and enhanced learning and memory in I/R rats. According to the metabolomics results, 13 metabolites were identified to be potentially regulated by mangiferin, and the differentially abundant metabolites were mainly involved in lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: Mangiferin protected neurological function and relieved poststroke cognitive impairment by improving lipid metabolism abnormalities in I/R rats.
Assuntos
Disfunção Cognitiva , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Traumatismo por Reperfusão , Xantonas , Animais , Xantonas/farmacologia , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Disfunção Cognitiva/tratamento farmacológico , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/tratamento farmacológico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/complicações , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/complicações , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/tratamento farmacológico , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/metabolismo , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/complicações , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) has become one of the most prevalent malignant tumors and exploring a potential therapeutic strategy with diminished drug-associated adverse effects to combat CRC is urgent. Herein, we designed a pH-responsive polymer to efficiently encapsulate a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist (5,6- dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid, termed ASA404) and a common clinically used chemotherapeutic agent (1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil, termed HCFU). Investigations in vitro demonstrated that polymer encapsulation endowed the system with a pH-dependent disassembly behavior (pHt 6.37), which preferentially selected cancerous cells with a favorable dose reduction (dose reduction index (DRI) of HCFU was 4.09). Moreover, the growth of CRC in tumor-bearing mice was effectively suppressed, with tumor suppression rates up to 94.74%, and a combination index (CI) value of less than one (CI = 0.41 for CT26 cell lines), indicating a significant synergistic therapeutic effect. Histological analysis of the tumor micro-vessel density and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests indicated that the system increased TNF-α and IFN-ß levels in serum. Therefore, this research introduces a pH-responsive polymer-based theranostic platform with great potential for immune-chemotherapeutic and anti-vascular combination therapy of CRC.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais , Fluoruracila , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Animais , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Fluoruracila/administração & dosagem , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Xantonas/administração & dosagem , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Polímeros/química , Polímeros/administração & dosagem , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Feminino , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfaRESUMO
Available online Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, persistent inflammatory skin disease characterized by eczema-like lesions and itching. Although topical steroids have been reported for treating AD, they are associated with adverse effects. Thus, safer medications are needed for those who cannot tolerate these agents for long periods. Mangiferin (MAN) is a flavonoid widely found in many herbs, with significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. However, the potential modulatory effects and mechanisms of MAN in treating Th2 inflammation in AD are unknown. In the present study, we reported that MAN could reduce inflammatory cell infiltration and scratching at the lesion site by decreasing MC903-induced levels of Th2-type cytokines, Histamine, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, Leukotriene B4, and immunoglobulin E. The mechanism may be related to reductions in MAPK and NF-κB-associated protein phosphorylation by macrophages. The results suggested that MAN may be a promising therapeutic agent for AD.
Assuntos
Citocinas , Dermatite Atópica , Macrófagos , NF-kappa B , Células Th2 , Xantonas , Dermatite Atópica/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatite Atópica/imunologia , Xantonas/farmacologia , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Animais , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Células Th2/imunologia , Células Th2/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Linfopoietina do Estroma do Timo , Imunoglobulina E/metabolismo , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/patologia , Pele/imunologia , Pele/metabolismoRESUMO
A four-step synthetic process has been developed to prepare 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone (2a) and its isomer 1,3,7,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone (2b). 25 more xanthones were also synthesized by a modified scheme. Xanthone 2a was identified as the most active inhibitor against both α-glucosidase and aldose reductase (ALR2), with IC50 values of 7.8 ± 0.5 µM and 63.2 ± 0.6 nM, respectively, which was far active than acarbose (35.0 ± 0.1 µM), and a little more active than epalrestat (67.0 ± 3.0 nM). 2a was also confirmed as the most active antioxidant in vitro with EC50 value of 8.9 ± 0.1 µM. Any structural modification including methylation, deletion, and position change of hydroxyl group in 2a will cause an activity loss in inhibitory and antioxidation. By applying a H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress nematode model, it was confirmed that xanthone 2a can be absorbed by Caenorhabditis elegans and is bioavailable to attenuate in vivo oxidative stress, including the effects on lifespan, superoxide dismutase, Catalase, and malondialdehyde. 2a was verified with in vivo hypoglycemic effect and mitigation of embryo malformations in high glucose. All our data support that xanthone 2a behaves triple roles and is a potential agent to treat diabetic mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, and diabetic complications.
Assuntos
Complicações do Diabetes , Diabetes Mellitus , Xantonas , Humanos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Hipoglicemiantes/química , alfa-Glucosidases/química , alfa-Glucosidases/metabolismo , Complicações do Diabetes/tratamento farmacológico , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Xantonas/farmacologia , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Candida albicans, one of the most prevalent human fungal pathogens, causes diverse diseases extending from superficial infections to deadly systemic mycoses. Currently, only three major classes of antifungal drugs are available to treat systemic infections: azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. Alarmingly, the efficacy of these antifungals against C. albicans is hindered both by basal tolerance toward the drugs and the development of resistance mechanisms such as alterations of the drug's target, modulation of stress responses, and overexpression of efflux pumps. Thus, the need to identify novel antifungal strategies is dire. To address this challenge, we screened 3,049 structurally-diverse compounds from the Boston University Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) chemical library against a C. albicans clinical isolate and identified 17 molecules that inhibited C. albicans growth by >80% relative to controls. Among the most potent compounds were CMLD013360, CMLD012661, and CMLD012693, molecules representing two distinct chemical scaffolds, including 3-hydroxyquinolinones and a xanthone natural product. Based on structural insights, CMLD013360, CMLD012661, and CMLD012693 were hypothesized to exert antifungal activity through metal chelation. Follow-up investigations revealed all three compounds exerted antifungal activity against non-albicans Candida, including Candida auris and Candida glabrata, with the xanthone natural product CMLD013360 also displaying activity against the pathogenic mould Aspergillus fumigatus. Media supplementation with metallonutrients, namely ferric or ferrous iron, rescued C. albicans growth, confirming these compounds act as metal chelators. Thus, this work identifies and characterizes two chemical scaffolds that chelate iron to inhibit the growth of the clinically relevant fungal pathogen C. albicansIMPORTANCEThe worldwide incidence of invasive fungal infections is increasing at an alarming rate. Systemic candidiasis caused by the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans is the most common cause of life-threatening fungal infection. However, due to the limited number of antifungal drug classes available and the rise of antifungal resistance, an urgent need exists for the identification of novel treatments. By screening a compound collection from the Boston University Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), we identified three compounds representing two distinct chemical scaffolds that displayed activity against C. albicans. Follow-up analyses confirmed these molecules were also active against other pathogenic fungal species including Candida auris and Aspergillus fumigatus. Finally, we determined that these compounds inhibit the growth of C. albicans in culture through iron chelation. Overall, this observation describes two novel chemical scaffolds with antifungal activity against diverse fungal pathogens.
Assuntos
Produtos Biológicos , Micoses , Xantonas , Humanos , Candida albicans , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Micoses/tratamento farmacológico , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Quelantes/farmacologia , Quelantes/uso terapêutico , Aspergillus fumigatus , Ferro , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Diabetes mellitus results in numerous complications. Diabetic pulmonary fibrosis (DPF), a late pulmonary complication of diabetes, has not attracted as much attention as diabetic nephropathy and cardiomyopathy. Mangiferin (MF) is a natural small molecular compound that exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, and anti-fibrosis effects. In this study, we investigated whether long-term diabetes shock induces DPF, and explored whether MF had a protective effect against DPF. We first examined the lung tissues and sections of 20 diabetic patients obtained from discarded lung surgical resection specimens and found that pulmonary fibrosis mainly accumulated around the pulmonary vessels, accompanied by significantly enhanced endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). We established a mouse model of DPF by STZ injections. Ten days after the final STZ injection, the mice were administered MF (20, 60 mg/kg, i.g.) every 3 days for 4 weeks, and kept feeding until 16 weeks and euthanized. We showed that pulmonary fibrotic lesions were developed in the diabetic mice, which began around the pulmonary vessels, while MF administration did not affect long-term blood glucose levels, but dose-dependently alleviated diabetes-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), exposure to high glucose (33.3 mM) induced EndMT, which was dose-dependently inhibited by treatment with MF (10, 50 µM). Furthermore, MF treatment promoted SIRT3 expression in high glucose-exposed HUVECs by directly binding to AMPK to enhance the activity of FoxO3, which finally reversed diabetes-induced EndMT. We conclude that MF attenuates DPF by inhibiting EndMT through the AMPK/FoxO3/SIRT3 axis. MF could be a potential candidate for the early prevention and treatment of DPF.
Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Proteína Forkhead Box O3 , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fibrose Pulmonar , Sirtuína 3 , Xantonas , Animais , Xantonas/farmacologia , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Fibrose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrose Pulmonar/metabolismo , Sirtuína 3/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Proteína Forkhead Box O3/metabolismo , Masculino , Humanos , Camundongos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/efeitos dos fármacos , Estreptozocina , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transição Endotélio-MesênquimaRESUMO
This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the pharmacological properties of mangiferin, focusing primarily on its bioavailability and mechanisms of action, and its potential therapeutic applications, especially in the context of chronic diseases. We conducted a comprehensive examination of in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials involving mangiferin or plant extracts containing mangiferin. The primary source of mangiferin is Mangifera indica, but it's also found in other plant species from the families Anacardiaceae, Gentianaceae, and Iridaceae. Mangiferin has exhibited a myriad of therapeutic properties, presenting itself as a promising candidate for treating various chronic conditions including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, renal and pulmonary diseases, diabetes, and obesity. Despite the promising results showcased in many in vitro studies and certain animal studies, the application of mangiferin has been limited due to its poor solubility, absorption, and overall bioavailability. Mangiferin offers significant therapeutic potential in treating a spectrum of chronic diseases, as evidenced by both in vitro and clinical trials. However, the challenges concerning its bioavailability necessitate further research, particularly in optimizing its delivery and absorption, to harness its full medicinal potential. This review serves as a comprehensive update on the health-promoting and therapeutic activities of mangiferin.
Assuntos
Mangifera , Xantonas , Animais , Humanos , Disponibilidade Biológica , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Xantonas/farmacologia , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Doença CrônicaRESUMO
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with a lack of effective treatment options. mangiferin, a bioactive compound derived from mango, has been shown to possess strong neuroprotective properties. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of mangiferin on PD and its underlying mechanisms using both in vitro and in vivo models of 6-OHDA-induced PD. Additionally, we conducted molecular docking experiments to evaluate the interaction between mangiferin and AKR1C3 and ß-catenin. Our results demonstrated that treatment with mangiferin significantly attenuated 6-OHDA-induced cell damage in PC12 cells, reducing intracellular oxidative stress, improving mitochondrial membrane potential, and restoring the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a characteristic protein of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, mangiferin reduced the accumulation of α-synuclein and inhibited the expression of AKR1C3, thereby activating the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. In vivo studies revealed that mangiferin improved motor dysfunction in 6-OHDA-induced PD mice. Molecular docking analysis confirmed the interaction between mangiferin and AKR1C3 and ß-catenin. These findings indicate that mangiferin exerts significant neuroprotective effects in 6-OHDA-induced PD by inhibiting AKR1C3 and activating the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. Therefore, mangiferin may emerge as an innovative therapeutic strategy in the comprehensive treatment regimen of PD patients, providing them with better clinical outcomes and quality of life.
Assuntos
Membro C3 da Família 1 de alfa-Ceto Redutase , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Doença de Parkinson , Xantonas , Animais , Camundongos , Ratos , Membro C3 da Família 1 de alfa-Ceto Redutase/antagonistas & inibidores , beta Catenina/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Oxidopamina/farmacologia , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológico , Qualidade de Vida , Via de Sinalização Wnt , Xantonas/farmacologia , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Masculino , Células PC12RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of mangiferin combined with bortezomib on the proliferation, invasion, apoptosis and autophagy of human Burkitt lymphoma Raji cells, as well as the expression of CXC chemokine receptors (CXCRs) family, and explore the molecular mechanism between them to provide scientific basis for basic research and clinical work of Burkitt lymphoma. METHODS: Raji cells were intervened with different concentrations of mangiferin and bortezomib alone or in combination, then cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay, cell invasion ability was detected by Transwell chamber method, cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin V/PI double-staining flow cytometry, apoptosis, autophagy and Akt/mTOR pathway protein expression were detected by Western blot, and the expression changes of CXCR family was detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: Different concentrations of mangiferin intervened Raji cells for different time could inhibit cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (r =-0.682, r =-0.836). When Raji cells were intervened by combination of mangiferin and bortezomib, compared with single drug group, the proliferation and invasion abilities were significantly decreased, while the apoptosis level was significantly increased (P <0.01). Mangiferin combined with bortezomib could significantly up-regulate the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and down-regulate the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 after intervention in Raji cells. Caspase-3 was also hydrolyzed and activated, and then induced the apoptosis of Raji cells. Mangiferin combined with bortezomib could up-regulate the expression of LC3â ¡ protein in Raji cells, and the ratio of LC3â ¡/LC3â in cells was significantly up-regulated compared with single drug or control group (P <0.01). Mangiferin combined with bortezomib could significantly inhibit the phosphorylation levels of Akt and mTOR, inhibit the proliferation and invasion of Raji cells by inhibiting Akt/mTOR pathway, and induce cell autophagy and apoptosis. Mangiferin and bortezomib could down-regulate the expressions of CXCR4 and CXCR7 mRNA after single-agent intervention in Raji cells, and the down-regulations of CXCR4 and CXCR7 mRNA expression were more significant when the two drugs were combined (P <0.01). Mangiferin alone or combined with bortezomib had no significant effect on CXCR5 mRNA expression in Raji cells (P >0.05), while the combination of the two drugs could down-regulate the expression of CXCR3 (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: Mangiferin combined with bortezomib can synergistically inhibit the proliferation and invasion of Raji cells, and induce autophagy and apoptosis. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, down-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein Bax, and the inhibition of the expression of CXCR family.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Bortezomib , Linfoma de Burkitt , Receptores CXCR , Xantonas , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/imunologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/biossíntese , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/imunologia , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Autofagia/imunologia , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/biossíntese , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/imunologia , Bortezomib/imunologia , Bortezomib/farmacologia , Bortezomib/uso terapêutico , Linfoma de Burkitt/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma de Burkitt/imunologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2 , Receptores CXCR/biossíntese , Receptores CXCR/imunologia , RNA Mensageiro , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR , Xantonas/imunologia , Xantonas/farmacologia , Xantonas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Introduction: The insufficient targeting delivery of therapeutic agents greatly impeded the treatment outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Despite the recognized therapeutic advantages of gambogic acid (GBA) in inflammatory diseases, its high delivery efficiency to inflammatory site still limits its clinical application. Self-assembly of drug dimers into carrier-free nanoparticles (NPs) has become a straightforward and attractive approach to develop nanomedicines for RA treatment. Herein, homodimers of GBA were designed to form the carrier-free NPs by self-assembly for RA treatment. Methods: The synthetic gambogic acid dimers (GBA2) were self-assembled into NPs using a one-step solvent evaporation method. The size distribution, morphology, drug-loading efficiency (DLE) and storage stability were evaluated. A molecular dynamic simulation was conducted to gain further insight into the self-assembly mechanisms of GBA2/NPs. Besides, we investigated the cytotoxicity, apoptosis and cellular uptake profiles of GBA2/NPs in macrophages and osteoclasts. Finally, the specific biodistribution on the ankles of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) mice, and the anti-RA efficacy of the AIA rat model were assessed. Results: GBA2/NPs exhibited the uniform spherical structure, possessing excellent colloidal stability, high self-assembly stability, high drug loading and low hemolytic activity. Comparing with GBA, GBA2/NPs showed higher cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and apoptosis rate against osteoclasts. In addition, GBA2/NPs exhibited much higher accumulation in ankle joints in vivo. As expected, the systematic administration of GBA2/NPs resulted in the greater alleviation of arthritic symptoms, cartilage protection, and inflammation, notably the reduced systemic toxicity compared to free GBA. Conclusion: GBA2/NPs formed GBA dimers exhibited the superior accumulation in the inflamed joint and anti-RA activity, potentially attributing to the similar extravasation through leaky vasculature and subsequent inflammatory cell-mediated sequestration ("ELVIS") effects in inflamed joint and the enhanced cellular uptake in macrophages and osteoclasts. Our findings provide substantial evidence that self-assembly of GBA2/NPs would be a promising therapeutic alternative for RA treatment.
Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide , Nanopartículas , Xantonas , Ratos , Camundongos , Animais , Nanomedicina , Distribuição Tecidual , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Reumatoide/induzido quimicamente , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Nanopartículas/químicaRESUMO
ACE2 and Mpro in the pathology of SARS-CoV-2 show great potential in developing COVID-19 drugs as therapeutic targets, due to their roles as the "gate" of viral entry and viral reproduction. Of the many potential compounds for ACE2 and Mpro inhibition, α-mangostin is a promising candidate. Unfortunately, the potential of α-mangostin as a secondary metabolite with the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity is hindered due to its low solubility in water. Other xanthone isolates, which also possess the xanthone core structure like α-mangostin, are predicted to be potential alternatives to α-mangostin in COVID-19 treatment, addressing the low drug-likeness of α-mangostin. This study aims to assess the potential of xanthone derivative compounds in the pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) through computational study. The study was conducted through screening activity using molecular docking study, drug-likeness prediction using Lipinski's rule of five filtration, pharmacokinetic and toxicity prediction to evaluate the safety profile, and molecular dynamic study to evaluate the stability of formed interactions. The research results showed that there were 11 compounds with high potential to inhibit ACE2 and 12 compounds to inhibit Mpro. However, only garcinone B, in addition to being indicated as active, also possesses a drug-likeness, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity profile that was suitable. The molecular dynamic study exhibited proper stability interaction between garcinone B with ACE2 and Mpro. Therefore, garcinone B, as a xanthone derivative isolate compound, has promising potential for further study as a COVID-19 treatment as an ACE2 and Mpro inhibitor.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Garcinia mangostana , Xantonas , Humanos , Garcinia mangostana/química , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Xantonas/farmacologia , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Xantonas/químicaRESUMO
In this study, the chemotherapeutic effect of α-mangostin (AM) was assessed in rats injected with LA7 cells. Rats received AM orally at 30 and 60 mg/kg twice a week for 4 weeks. Cancer biomarkers such as CEA and CA 15-3 were significantly lower in AM-treated rats. Histopathological evaluations showed that AM protects the rat mammary gland from the carcinogenic effects of LA7 cells. Interestingly, AM decreased lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant enzymes when compared to the control. Immunohistochemistry results of the untreated rats showed abundant PCNA and fewer p53-positive cells than AM-treated rats. Using the TUNEL test, AM-treated animals had higher apoptotic cell numbers than those untreated. This report revealed that that AM lessened oxidative stress, suppressed proliferation, and minimized LA7-induced mammary carcinogenesis. Therefore, the current study suggests that AM has significant potential for breast cancer treatment.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Mamárias Animais , Xantonas , Ratos , Animais , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/patologia , Xantonas/farmacologia , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Células Cultivadas , ApoptoseRESUMO
α-Mangostin (α-MG) is a natural xanthone obtained from the pericarps of mangosteen. It exhibits excellent potential, including anti-cancer, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, and induces apoptosis. α-MG controls cell proliferation by modulating signaling molecules, thus implicated in cancer therapy. It possesses incredible pharmacological features and modulates crucial cellular and molecular factors. Due to its lesser water solubility and pitiable target selectivity, α-MG has limited clinical application. As a known antioxidant, α-MG has gained significant attention from the scientific community, increasing interest in extensive technical and biomedical applications. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems were designed to improve the pharmacological features and efficiency of α-MG. This review is focused on recent developments on the therapeutic potential of α-MG in managing cancer and neurological diseases, with a special focus on its mechanism of action. In addition, we highlighted biochemical and pharmacological features, metabolism, functions, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects and pre-clinical applications of α-MG.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Xantonas , Humanos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Apoptose , Xantonas/farmacologia , Xantonas/uso terapêutico , Xantonas/química , Solubilidade , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Mangiferin, a natural C-glucoside xanthone, is one of the major bioactive ingredients derived from the dry rhizome of Anemarrhenae rhizome, which has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fatty liver, anti-metabolic syndrome, and anti-diabetic. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its impact on phospholipid metabolism in the erythrocyte membrane of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remain unclear. The present research aimed to evaluate the effects of mangiferin on glucose and lipid metabolism in T2DM model rats and discuss the relationship between lipid metabolites and potential targets involved in the hypoglycemic effects by integrating lipidomics and network pharmacology method. After 8 consecutive weeks of treatment with mangiferin, the T2DM model rats exhibited significant improvements in several biochemical indices and cytokines, including fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels after 12 h of fasting, fasting insulin level (FINS), total cholesterol (T-CHO), triacylglycerols (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HMOA-IR), TNF-α and IL-6. A total of 22 differential lipid metabolites were selected from erythrocyte membrane phospholipids, which were closely associated with the processes of T2DM. These metabolites mainly belonged to glycerophospholipid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. Based on network pharmacology analysis, 22 genes were recognized as the potential targets of mangiferin against diabetes. Moreover, molecular docking analysis revealed that the targets of TNF, CASP3, PTGS2, MMP9, RELA, PLA2G2A, PPARA, and NOS3 could be involved in the modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism to improve IR and hyperglycemia. The combination of immunohistochemical staining and PCR showed that mangiferin could treat T2DM by regulating the expression of PPARγ protein and NF-κB mRNA expression to impact glycerophospholipids (GPs) and AA metabolism. The present study showed that mangiferin might alleviate IR and hyperglycemia of T2DM model rats via multiple targets and multiple pathways to adjust their phospholipid metabolism, which may be the underlying mechanism for mangiferin in the treatment of T2DM.