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A la fecha, se reportan 22.450 pacientes (29,4%) en aislamiento domiciliario, 1.669 pacientes (2,2%) se encuentran hospitalizados (1.509 en sala general y 160 en Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo -UCI). Se informan 50.665 casos (66,3%) como recuperados.

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BACKGROUND: Little is known about the patterns of end-of-life health care for older Mexican Americans with or without a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Our objective was to investigate the frequency of acute hospital admissions, intensive care unit use, and ventilator use during the last 30 days of life for deceased older Mexican American Medicare beneficiaries with and without an ADRD diagnosis. METHODS: We used Medicare claims data linked with survey information from 1,090 participants (mean age of death 85.1 years) of the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds for hospitalization, intensive care unit use, and ventilator use in the last 30 days of life for decedents with ADRD than those without ADRD. Generalized linear models were used to estimate the risk ratio (RR) for length of stay in hospital. RESULTS: Within the last 30 days of life, 64.5% decedents had an acute hospitalization (59.1% ADRD, 68.3% no ADRD), 33.9% had an intensive care unit stay (31.3% ADRD, 35.8% no ADRD), and 17.2% used a ventilator (14.9% ADRD, 18.8% no ADRD). ADRD was associated with significantly lower hospitalizations (odds ratio [OR] = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.50-0.89) and shorter length of stay in hospital (RR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.65-0.90). CONCLUSION: Hospitalization, intensive care unit stay, and ventilator use are common at the end of life for older Mexican Americans. The lower hospitalization and shorter length of stay in hospital of decedents with ADRD indicate a modest reduction in acute care use. Future research should investigate the impact of end-of-life planning on acute-care use and quality of life in terminally ill Mexican American older adults.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the management of children with severe bronchiolitis requiring intensive care (based on duration of ventilatory support and duration of pediatric intensive care unit [PICU] stay) in 2 countries with differing pediatric transport and PICU organizations. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective observational care study in 2 PICUs of tertiary care university hospitals, 1 in France and 1 in Canada. All children with bronchiolitis who required admission to the PICU between November 1, 2013, and March 31, 2014, were included. RESULTS: A total of 194 children were included. Baseline characteristics and illness severity were similar at the 2 sites. There was a significant difference between centers in the use of invasive ventilation (3% in France vs 26% in Canada; P < .0001). The number of investigations performed from admission to emergency department presentation and during the PICU stay was significantly higher in Canada for both chest radiographs and blood tests (P < .001). The use of antibiotics was significantly higher in Canada both before (60% vs 28%; P < .001) and during (72% vs 33%; P < .0001) the PICU stay. The duration of ventilatory support, median length of stay, and rate of PICU readmission were similar in the 2 centers. CONCLUSION: Important differences in the management of children with severe bronchiolitis were observed during both prehospital transport and PICU treatment. Less invasive management resulted in similar outcomes with in fewer complications.

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Objetivo: buscar as evidências do processamento de artigos de terapia ventilatória nas publicações nacionais de Enfermagem. Método: estudo de levantamento bibliográfico, com recorte temporal de dez anos, nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, BDENF e SCIELO, em que foram analisados seis artigos científicos e 12 manuais técnicos. Resultados: tanto a literatura nacional quanto os manuais técnicos publicados recomendam, para o processamento dos artigos de assistência ventilatória, a realização da limpeza, seguida da desinfecção de alto nível pelo calor úmido em temperaturas superiores a 70 graus C, pelo período de 30 minutos; a esterilização a vapor saturada sob pressão para os artigos termorresistentes ou a esterilização à baixa temperatura para os artigos termossensíveis. Conclusão: dado o número reduzido de publicações sobre o tema, as informações colhidas nos revelam a necessidade de um melhor controle dos processos de limpeza e termodesinfecção, uma vez que as tecnologias disponíveis nos permitem chegar a um índice relevante no impacto da qualidade e da segurança do material processado.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of manual resuscitators (MRs) used in Brazil in accordance with international standards. METHODS: Using a respiratory system simulator, four volunteer physiotherapists employed eight MRs (five produced in Brazil and three produced abroad), which were tested for inspiratory and expiratory resistance of the patient valve; functioning of the pressure-limiting valve; and tidal volume (VT) generated when the one-handed and two-handed techniques were used. The tests were performed and analyzed in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F920-93 criteria. RESULTS: Expiratory resistance was greater than 6 cmH2O . L-1 . s-1 in only one MR. The pressure-limiting valve, a feature of five of the MRs, opened at low pressures (< 17 cmH2O), and the maximal pressure was 32.0-55.9 cmH2O. Mean VT varied greatly among the MRs tested. The mean VT values generated with the one-handed technique were lower than the 600 mL recommended by the ASTM. In the situations studied, mean VT was generally lower from the Brazilian-made MRs that had a pressure-limiting valve. CONCLUSIONS: The resistances imposed by the patient valve met the ASTM criteria in all but one of the MRs tested. The pressure-limiting valves of the Brazilian-made MRs usually opened at low pressures, providing lower VT values in the situations studied, especially when the one-handed technique was used, suggesting that both hands should be used and that the pressure-limiting valve should be closed whenever possible.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of manual resuscitators (MRs) used in Brazil in accordance with international standards. METHODS: Using a respiratory system simulator, four volunteer physiotherapists employed eight MRs (five produced in Brazil and three produced abroad), which were tested for inspiratory and expiratory resistance of the patient valve; functioning of the pressure-limiting valve; and tidal volume (VT) generated when the one-handed and two-handed techniques were used. The tests were performed and analyzed in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F920-93 criteria. RESULTS: Expiratory resistance was greater than 6 cmH2O . L−1 . s−1 in only one MR. The pressure-limiting valve, a feature of five of the MRs, opened at low pressures (< 17 cmH2O), and the maximal pressure was 32.0-55.9 cmH2O. Mean VT varied greatly among the MRs tested. The mean VT values generated with the one-handed technique were lower than the 600 mL recommended by the ASTM. In the situations studied, mean VT was generally lower from the Brazilian-made MRs that had a pressure-limiting valve. CONCLUSIONS: The resistances imposed by the patient valve met the ASTM criteria in all but one of the MRs tested. The pressure-limiting valves of the Brazilian-made MRs usually opened at low pressures, providing lower VT values in the situations studied, especially when the one-handed technique was used, suggesting that both hands should be used and that the pressure-limiting valve should be closed whenever possible. .

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o desempenho de reanimadores manuais (RMs) utilizados no Brasil conforme critérios definidos por uma norma internacional. MÉTODOS: Utilizando um simulador do sistema respiratório, oito RMs manuais (cinco produzidos no Brasil e três importados) foram avaliados em relação a resistência inspiratória e expiratória da válvula para o paciente; funcionamento da válvula limitadora de pressão; e volume corrente (VT) gerado por quatro fisioterapeutas voluntários, utilizando uma ou duas mãos. Para a realização e análise dos testes, foram utilizados critérios sugeridos pela norma da American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F920-93. RESULTADOS: A resistência expiratória foi superior a 6 cmH2O . L−1 . s−1 em apenas um dos RMs testados. A válvula limitadora de pressão, presente em cinco RMs, abriu em baixas pressões (< 17 cmH2O), e a pressão máxima variou de 32,0-55,9 cmH2O. Houve grande variação da média de VT obtido pelos diferentes RMs. Os valores médios de VT utilizando uma mão foram inferiores ao sugerido pela ASTM (600 mL). O VT médio, nas situações estudadas, foi geralmente menor nos RMs nacionais com válvula limitadora de pressão. CONCLUSÕES: As resistências impostas pela válvula do paciente estão de acordo com os critérios da ASTM, com exceção de um RM. As válvulas limitadoras de pressão dos RMs nacionais geralmente abrem em baixas pressões, determinando o fornecimento de um menor VT nas situações estudadas, principalmente com o uso de uma mão, o que sugere que a ventilação deva ser feita com as duas mãos e a válvula limitadora de pressão deva ser fechada sempre que possível. .

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OBJECTIVE: This study sought to assess the effect of the multidimensional approach developed by the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) on the reduction of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rates in patients hospitalized in an adult intensive care unit (AICU) in an INICC member hospital in Havana, Cuba. METHODS: We conducted a prospective surveillance pre-post study in AICU patients. The study was divided into two periods:baseline and intervention. During the baseline period, we conducted active prospective surveillance of VAP using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Health Safety Network (NHSN) definition and INICC methods. During the intervention period, we implemented the INICC multidimensional approach for VAP, in addition to performing active surveillance. This multidimensional approach included the following measures: a bundle of infection control interventions, education, outcome surveillance, process surveillance, feedback of VAP rates and performance feedback of infection control practices. The baseline rates of VAP were compared to the rates obtained after intervention, and we analyzed the impact of our interventions by Poisson regression. RESULTS: During the baseline period, we recorded 114 mechanical ventilator (MV) days, whereas we recorded 2350MV days during the intervention period. The baseline rate of VAP was 52.63 per 1000MV days and 15.32 per 1000MV days during the intervention. At the end of the study period, we achieved a 70% reduction in the rate of VAP (RR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.12-0.7; P value, 0.003.). CONCLUSIONS: The implementation the INICC multidimensional approach for VAP was associated with a significant reduction in the VAP rate in the participating AICU of Cuba.

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PURPOSE: To determine the factors that are associated with Mexican Americans' preference for ventilator support, given a supposed terminal diagnosis. METHODS: 100 Mexican Americans, aged 60-89, were recruited and screened for MMSE scores above 18. Eligible subjects answered a questionnaire in their preferred language (English/Spanish) concerning ventilator use during terminal illness. Mediator variables examined included demographics, generation, religiosity, occupation, self-reported depression, self-reported health, and activities of daily living. RESULTS: Being first or second generation American (OR = 0.18, CI = 0.05-0.66) with no IADL disability (OR = 0.11, CI = 0.02-0.59) and having depressive symptoms (OR = 1.43, CI = 1.08-1.89) were associated with preference for ventilator support. IMPLICATIONS: First and second generation older Mexican Americans and those functionally independent are more likely to prefer end-of-life ventilation support. Although depressive symptoms were inversely associated with ventilator use at the end of life, scores may more accurately reflect psychological stress associated with enduring the scenario. Further studies are needed to determine these factors' generalizability to the larger Mexican American community.

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El perfil epidemiológico es una herramienta que se utiliza generalmente para orientar los planes de salud pública, identifica la morbilidad y mortalidad en grupos específicos, entre otras variables, y describe como está la población en general frente a la salud, con el fin de dictaminar políticas en este aspecto. En la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos UCI, el registro epidemiológico y bioestadística se hace obligatorio y de forma somera; se incluye mortalidad e infecciones nosocomiales. De esta manera se planteó describir el perfil epidemiológico del paciente críticamente enfermo que ingresa a la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo de una institución de tercer grado de complejidad, en la ciudad de Pereira, siendo éste el primer escalón en el planteamiento de investigación epidemiológica clínica. Se aplicó un instrumento de recolección de la información a las historias clínicas de la totalidad de pacientes, quienes ingresaron a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos entre agosto-noviembre de 2004, indagándose aspectos como datos demográficos, fecha de ingreso, diagnóstico y estado de egreso, entre otros. Se analizaron 145 pacientes que correspondieron a un porcentaje de 59.3 por cien para el género masculino (86 pacientes). La edad tuvo una distribución normal con una media de 50.7 ± 21.04 de desviación estándar; la mediana de los días de estancia fue 7 días; la mortalidad global de la Unidad fue de un 26.9 por cien; la patología que presentó mayor mortalidad fue la sepsis de origen abdominal, con un 44.4 por cien. La mortalidad que se observó es menor comparada con un estudio colombiano que reporta hasta un 31 por cien de mortalidad; el diagnóstico de infarto agudo del miocardio en la admisión fue similar a la de otros estudios, pero no representó igual mortalidad.

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OBJECTIVE: To establish if the pressure indicated in the manometer of an infant ventilator (IV 100B, Sechrist, Anaheim, CA) reflects the true pressure delivered to the proximal airway during mechanical ventilation in the neonatal ICU. DESIGN: With approval of our Institutional Research Board, data were collected prospectively. Peak inspiratory pressure and end-expiratory pressure were measured at the "Y" piece of the breathing tubing. Pressure readings from the conventional ventilator's manometer were compared with simultaneously obtained measurements using an electronic monitor. SETTING: This study was conducted in a 45-bed neonatal ICU, admitting 700 to 750 newborns per year. PATIENTS: Twelve neonates who required mechanical ventilation were included in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Specific interventions were not made by study design. Measurements routinely obtained were compared. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-five simultaneous measurements of peak inspiratory pressure and positive end-expiratory pressure were compared. Peak inspiratory pressure values were higher with the electronic monitor in 273 (99%) of 275 measurements and the mean of the differences between the electronic monitor and ventilator's manometer was statistically significant (p less than .001). For positive end-expiratory pressure measurements, values indicated by the electronic monitor were lower in 152 (55%) of 275 determinations, equal in 65 (23%), and higher in 58 (21%) determinations. Percent variations between methods ranged from 0% to 140% for peak inspiratory pressures and from 0% to 500% for positive end-expiratory pressure. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that it is impossible to know the true pressure delivered to the proximal airway of a neonate during mechanical ventilation by observing the ventilator pressure manometer. The manometer readings consistently underestimate the true peak inspiratory pressure values and are very unpredictable regarding positive end-expiratory pressure values. These findings support the use of other methods to monitor the proximal airway pressure besides the ventilator's manometer in the neonatal ICU. Furthermore, mean airway pressure should not be calculated from the pressure readings obtained from the tested ventilator's manometer.

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UNLABELLED: Due to increasing concern over potential cross-infection during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), a number of disposable resuscitators have become commercially available. The wearing of disposable medical gloves by persons performing CPR has also become commonplace. In this study, we evaluated the effects of hand size, use of disposable medical gloves, and number of hands used (one versus two) on the volumes delivered by five adult disposable resuscitators. METHOD: Persons familiar with bag-valve ventilation were recruited to participate in the study--eight with small hands, eight with medium hands, and eight with large hands. Ventilation was delivered to one side of a Vent-Aid training test lung (TTL), and volumes were measured with a BEAR VM-90. In random order, each participant ventilated the TTL with all combinations of one hand/two hands, gloves/no gloves, and each of the following resuscitators: Code Blue, Hospitak, Pulmanex, Mercury, and Ambu SPUR. The participants were instructed to ventilate the TTL as they would ventilate a patient. RESULTS: The mean =/- SD volumes (in liters) were small hands = 0.68 +/- 0.15, medium hands = 0.71 +/- 0.18, large hands = 0.81 +/- 0.19 (p=0.006); gloves = 0.73 +/- 0.19, no gloves = 0.73 +/- 0.18 (p=0.80); one hand = 0.62 +/- 0.12, two hands = 0.84 +/- 0.17 (p less than 0.0001); Code Blue = 0.79 +/- 0.14, Hospitak = 0.56 +/- 0.11, Pulmanex = 0.71 +/- 0.15, Mercury = 0.77 +/- 0.18, SPUR = 0.83 +/- 0.2 (p less than 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of gloves did not significantly affect volume delivery. Delivered volumes did increase significantly as hand size increased and as number of hands used to squeeze the bag increased, and observed differences in volume delivery between brands of resuscitators may be clinically important in some cases. This study emphasizes the importance of squeezing the resuscitator with two hands during bag-valve ventilation.

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