RESUMO
In forensic and pharmaceutical scenarios, the application of chemometrics and optimization techniques has unveiled common and peculiar features of seized medicine and drug samples, helping investigative forces to track illegal operations. This paper proposes a novel framework aimed at identifying relevant subsets of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) wavelengths for classifying samples into two classes, for example authentic or forged categories in case of medicines, or salt or base form in cocaine analysis. In the first step of the framework, the ATR-FTIR spectra were partitioned into equidistant intervals and the k-nearest neighbour (KNN) classification technique was applied to each interval to insert samples into proper classes. In the next step, selected intervals were refined through the genetic algorithm (GA) by identifying a limited number of wavelengths from the intervals previously selected aimed at maximizing classification accuracy. When applied to Cialis®, Viagra®, and cocaine ATR-FTIR datasets, the proposed method substantially decreased the number of wavelengths needed to categorize, and increased the classification accuracy. From a practical perspective, the proposed method provides investigative forces with valuable information towards monitoring illegal production of drugs and medicines. In addition, focusing on a reduced subset of wavelengths allows the development of portable devices capable of testing the authenticity of samples during police checking events, avoiding the need for later laboratorial analyses and reducing equipment expenses. Theoretically, the proposed GA-based approach yields more refined solutions than the current methods relying on interval approaches, which tend to insert irrelevant wavelengths in the retained intervals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assuntos
Anestésicos Locais/química , Cocaína/química , Medicamentos Falsificados/química , Citrato de Sildenafila/química , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Tadalafila/química , Vasodilatadores/química , Algoritmos , Anestésicos Locais/classificação , Cocaína/classificação , Medicamentos Falsificados/classificação , Drogas Ilícitas/química , Drogas Ilícitas/classificação , Citrato de Sildenafila/classificação , Tadalafila/classificação , Vasodilatadores/classificaçãoRESUMO
Sildenafil citrate (SILC) is a potent phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor used for erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. This study shows two simple, fast and alternative analytical methods for SILC determination by non-aqueous titration and by derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry (DUS) in active pharmaceutical ingredient and/or dosage forms. The quantitation method of SILC active pharmaceutical ingredient by non-aqueous acid-base titration was developed using methanol as solvent and 0.1 mol/L of perchloric acid in acetic acid as titrant. The endpoint was potentiometrically detected. The non-aqueous titration method shows satisfactory repeatability and intermediate precision (RSD 0.70-1.09%). The neutralization reaction occurred in the stoichiometric ratio 1:1 in methanol. The determination of SILC active pharmaceutical ingredient or dosage forms by DUS was developed in the linear range from 10 to 40 µg/mL, in 0.01 mol/L HCl, using the first order zero-peak method at λ 256 nm. The DUS method shows selectivity toward tablets excipients, appropriate linearity (R2 0.9996), trueness (recovery range 98.86-99.30%), repeatability and intermediate precision in three concentration levels (RSD 1.17-1.28%; 1.29-1.71%, respectively). Therefore, the methods developed are excellent alternatives to sophisticated instrumental methods and can be easily applied in any pharmaceutical laboratory routine due to simple and fast executions.
Assuntos
Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta/métodos , Titulometria/métodos , Citrato de Sildenafila/análise , Comprimidos/farmacologia , Vasodilatadores/classificaçãoRESUMO
Low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) constitute an independent biomarker of cardiovascular morbi-mortality. However, recent advances have drastically modified the classical and limited view of HDL as a carrier of 'good cholesterol', and have revealed unexpected levels of complexity in the circulating HDL particle pool. HDL particles are indeed highly heterogeneous in structure, intravascular metabolism and biological activity. This review describes recent progress in our understanding of HDL subpopulations and their biological activities, and focuses on relationships between the structural, compositional and functional heterogeneity of HDL particles.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , HDL-Colesterol/metabolismo , Fibrinolíticos/metabolismo , Vasodilatadores/metabolismo , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/classificação , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/classificação , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Apolipoproteína A-I/genética , Apolipoproteína A-I/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Doenças Cardiovasculares/patologia , Sistema Cardiovascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Cardiovascular/metabolismo , Sistema Cardiovascular/patologia , HDL-Colesterol/classificação , HDL-Colesterol/farmacologia , Citoproteção , Fibrinolíticos/classificação , Fibrinolíticos/farmacologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Vasodilatadores/classificação , Vasodilatadores/farmacologiaAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Radiologia , Circulação Pulmonar/fisiologia , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/anatomia & histologia , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo , Sistemas Neurossecretores/fisiologia , Circulação Renal , Insuficiência Renal/complicações , Insuficiência Renal/diagnóstico , Edema Pulmonar/complicações , Hipertensão Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Hipertensão/classificação , Hipertensão/terapia , Arritmias Cardíacas/classificação , Arritmias Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Arritmias Cardíacas/terapia , Diuréticos/administração & dosagem , Diuréticos/efeitos adversos , Diuréticos/farmacologia , Diuréticos/uso terapêutico , Digoxina/farmacocinética , Digoxina/administração & dosagem , Cardiotônicos/classificação , Inibidores Enzimáticos/administração & dosagem , Inibidores Enzimáticos/efeitos adversos , Vasodilatadores/classificação , Vasodilatadores/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/análise , Transplantes/classificação , Transplantes/normas , Transplantes/provisão & distribuição , Transplantes/tendências , Transplantes , Algoritmos , Processamento Eletrônico de Dados/instrumentação , Processamento Eletrônico de Dados/métodosRESUMO
Oral vasodilators have proved to be valuable drugs in the management of systolic or diastolic heart failure. They produce a clinical and hemodynamic relief of preload, afterload or both during the resting state or exercise. Although left ventricular hypertrophy is an adaptative response to myocardial stress, in the long run it becomes an independent risk factor leading to diastolic dysfunction. At present, pharmacological regression of ventricular hypertrophy has a prognostic importance. Of the large number of available vasodilators, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors have proved to be the most succesful drugs. They behave as afterload relievers, counteracting both the renin-angiotensin and adrenergic systems, but also are powerful inhibitors of cardiomyocite enlargement and interstitial connective tissue proliferation. This last structural change may revert the compromised diastolic function of the heart