RESUMO
The effect of inbreeding depression on sperm motility is well documented, but its influence on sperm morphometry has been scarcely examined to date. Here, we combined the use of computer-assisted sperm morphometry analysis (CASMA) with a SNP-based genomic approach to determine and characterize the effect of inbreeding on the sperm shape of a highly inbred cattle population. We determined seven morphometric parameters on frozen-thawed sperm samples of 57 Retinta bulls: length (L, µm), width (W, µm), area (A, µm2 ), perimeter (P, µm), ellipticity (ELI; L/W), elongation (L-W)/(L + W) and perimeter-to-area shape factor (p2a; P2 /4 × π × A). The comparison of highly inbred (HI) and lowly inbreed (LI) individuals based on runs of homozygosity (ROH) inbreeding values (F ROH ) showed no differences between groups. An additional two-step unsupervised sperm subpopulation analysis based on morphometric parameters showed significant differences in the abundance of different sperm subpopulations between groups (p < 0.05). This analysis revealed that HI bulls harbored a higher percentage of narrow-head sperm as opposed to the higher percentage of large- and round-headed sperm detected in LI. A further genomic characterization revealed 23 regions differentially affected by inbreeding in both groups, detecting six genes (SPAG6, ARMC3, PARK7, VAMP3, DYNLRB2, and PHF7) previously related to different spermatogenesis-associated processes.
Assuntos
Bovinos/genética , Depressão por Endogamia/genética , Endogamia , Espermatozoides/ultraestrutura , Animais , Animais Endogâmicos , Variação Biológica Individual , Forma Celular , DNA/genética , Estudos de Associação Genética , Genótipo , Haplótipos/genética , Masculino , Cabeça do Espermatozoide/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Large interindividual variations in the biological response to citrus flavanones have been observed, and this could be associated with high variations in their bioavailability. The aim of this study was to identify the main determinants underlying interindividual differences in citrus flavanone metabolism and excretion. In a randomized cross-over study, non-obese and obese volunteers, aged 19-40 years, ingested single doses of Pera and Moro orange juices, and urine was collected for 24 h. A large difference in the recovery of the urinary flavanone phase II metabolites was observed, with hesperetin-sulfate and hesperetin-sulfo-O-glucuronide being the major metabolites. Subjects were stratified according to their total excretion of flavanone metabolites as high, medium, and low excretors, but the expected correlation with the microbiome was not observed at the genus level. A second stratification was proposed according to phase II flavanone metabolism, whereby participants were divided into two excretion groups: Profiles A and B. Profile B individuals showed greater biotransformation of hesperetin-sulfate to hesperetin-sulfo-O-glucuronide, as well as transformation of flavanone-monoglucuronide to the respective diglucuronides, suggestive of an influence of polymorphisms on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. In conclusion, this study proposes a new stratification of volunteers based on their metabolic profiles. Gut microbiota composition and polymorphisms of phase II enzymes may be related to the interindividual variability of metabolism.
Assuntos
Citrus sinensis , Flavanonas/metabolismo , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais/análise , Metaboloma , Adulto , Variação Biológica Individual , Citrus sinensis/química , Estudos Cross-Over , Flavanonas/análise , Flavanonas/urina , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Humanos , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In the distribution of the veins, it corresponds in the path and by its affluent to their arterial counterpart. For the pelvic surgeon faced with pelvic surgical pathology, the knowledge of the distribution of the venous vessels is especially important in view of novel surgical techniques and current approaches. The majority of the reports are on common iliac vein (CIV) or the inferior vena cava. To the best of our knowledge, there are no papers describing posterior extrapelvic affluents that drain into the internal iliac vein (IIV). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to describe the pattern of the constitution of the IIV in 17 dissection specimens taken at our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We dissected and registered the anatomic variations of the posterior extrapelvic tributaries to the IIVs. RESULTS: Moreover, we describe the presence of a vein here that is, as far as we know, the first report of a vein that is formed from the posterior extrapelvic veins that drain exactly onto the anterior surface of the CIV. We also describe herein the variants that we have found. CONCLUSIONS: The ignorance of the anatomic variations in the posterior extra-pelvic tributaries to the IIVs (internal iliac veins) can lead to fatal consequences in the patients undergoing pelvic surgery.
ANTECEDENTES: En la descripción de los trayectos venosos, estos corresponden casi exactamente a la distribución de su contraparte arterial, como es el caso de la vena iliaca interna. Para el cirujano que se enfrenta a la patología pélvica, el conocimiento de la distribución de los vasos venosos es de particular importancia. Los reportes que describen los grandes vasos venosos pélvicos se enfocan en las venas iliacas comunes o la vena cava inferior. En nuestro conocimiento, no existen reportes que describan los afluentes venosos posteriores que drenan a la vena iliaca interna ni las distancias que separan los vasos entre sí. OBJETIVO: Describir el patrón de constitución de la vena iliaca interna en 17 especímenes cadavéricos disecados en nuestra institución. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se identificaron los trayectos vasculares de los afluentes venosos posteriores extrapélvicos de las venas iliacas primitivas. RESULTADOS: En específico, describimos la presencia de una variante venosa que, hasta donde hemos revisado, es el primer reporte, pues esta vena posterior extrapélvica drena exactamente en la superficie anterior de la vena iliaca común. También describimos otras variantes encontradas. CONCLUSIONES: Conocer las variantes de los afluentes venosos posteriores extrapélvicos es de vital importancia para el cirujano que realiza cirugía pélvica.
Assuntos
Veia Ilíaca/anatomia & histologia , Variação Biológica Individual , Variação Biológica da População , Cadáver , Feminino , Humanos , Veia Ilíaca/anormalidades , Masculino , Veia Cava Inferior/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Saguinus leucopus is a Neotropical primate with an arboreal quadrupedal locomotion pattern, which requires wide movements of the shoulder and arm. This investigation studies the muscles of these regions in order to serve as a basis for clinical and surgical procedures and to compare with other primates. METHODS: Gross dissections of twenty thoracic limbs were performed. RESULTS: The muscles examined were the deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres major, teres minor, coracobrachialis longus, coracobrachialis brevis, biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii, tensor fasciae antebrachii, and anconeus epitrochlearis. The anconeus was absent. The following variants were found: an accessory head of the biceps brachii, the unilateral absence of the short head of the biceps brachii, an accessory head of the coracobrachialis longus, and one infraspinatus muscle innervated by the axillary nerve. CONCLUSIONS: These muscles are adapted to quadrupedal locomotion and can have inter- and intraspecific variations in their attachments and innervation.
Assuntos
Braço/anatomia & histologia , Músculo Esquelético/anatomia & histologia , Saguinus/anatomia & histologia , Ombro/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Variação Biológica Individual , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
Not all the people that consume drugs of abuse develop addiction. In this sense, just a percentage of rats express locomotor sensitization after repeated psychostimulant exposure. Neurochemical evidence has shown that locomotor sensitization is associated with changes in dorsolateral striatum (DLS) activity. However, it is unknown if individual differences observed in locomotor sensitization are related to differential neuro-adaptations in DLS activity. In this study, we measured basal dopamine (DA) levels and single unit activity in the DLS of anesthetized rats, after repeated amphetamine (AMPH) administration. Rats were treated with AMPH 1.0â¯mg/kg ip or saline ip for 5â¯days. Following 5â¯days of withdrawal, a challenge dose of AMPH 1.0â¯mg/kg ip was injected. In-vivo microdialysis experiments and single unit recording were carried out twenty-four hours after the last AMPH injection. Sensitized rats showed increased basal DA levels and baseline firing rate of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) compared to non-sensitized rats. The local variation index (Lv) was used to measure the firing pattern of MSNs. In saline rats, a bursty firing pattern was observed in MSNs. A decrease in MSNs baseline Lv accompanies the expression of AMPH locomotor sensitization. Moreover, a decrease in Lv after an acute AMPH 1.0â¯mg/kg injection was only observed in saline and sensitized rats. Our results show individual differences in DLS basal DA levels and firing pattern after repeated AMPH administration, suggesting that an hyperfunction of nigrostriatal pathway, accompanied by a decrease in DLS MSNs firing irregularity underlies the expression of AMPH locomotor sensitization.
Assuntos
Anfetamina/farmacologia , Variação Biológica Individual , Dopamina/metabolismo , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Neostriado/metabolismo , Neostriado/fisiologia , Animais , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Individualidade , Masculino , Neostriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
The median artery is usually a transient vessel during the embryonic period. However, this artery can persist in adult life as the persistent median artery. This paper aims to describe this relevant anatomical variation for surgeons, review the literature and discuss its clinical implications. A routine dissection was performed in the upper left limb of a male adult cadaver of approximately 50-60 years of age, embalmed in formalin 10%. The persistent median artery was identified emerging as a terminal branch of the common interosseous artery with a path along the ulnar side of the median nerve. In the wrist, the persistent median artery passed through the carpal tunnel, deep in the transverse carpal ligament. The dissection in the palmar region revealed no anastomosis with the ulnar artery forming the superficial palmar arch. The common digital arteries emerged from the ulnar artery and the persistent median artery. Such variation has clinical and surgical relevance in approaching carpal tunnel syndrome and other clinical disorders in the wrist.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Síndrome do Túnel Carpal , Extremidade Superior/anatomia & histologia , Dissecação , Variação Biológica Individual , Síndromes de Compressão NervosaRESUMO
Variability in snake venoms is a well-studied phenomenon. However, sex-based variation of Bothrops atrox snake venom using siblings is poorly investigated. Bothrops atrox is responsible for the majority of snakebite accidents in the Brazilian Amazon region. Differences in the venom composition of Bothrops genus have been linked to several factors such as ontogeny, geographical distribution, prey preferences and sex. Thus, in the current study, venom samples of Bothrops atrox male and female siblings were analyzed in order to compare their biochemical and biological characteristics. Methods: Venoms were collected from five females and four males born from a snake captured from the wild in São Bento (Maranhão, Brazil), and kept in the Laboratory of Herpetology of Butantan Intitute. The venoms were analyzed individually and as a pool of each gender. The assays consisted in protein quantification, 1-DE, mass spectrometry, proteolytic, phospholipase A2, L-amino acid oxidase activities, minimum coagulant dose upon plasma, minimum hemorrhagic dose and lethal dose 50%. Results: Electrophoretic profiles of male's and female's venom pools were quite similar, with minor sex-based variation. Male venom showed higher LAAO, PLA2 and hemorrhagic activities, while female venom showed higher coagulant activity. On the other hand, the proteolytic activities did not show statistical differences between pools, although some individual variations were observed. Meanwhile, proteomic profile revealed 112 different protein compounds; of which 105 were common proteins of female's and male's venom pools and seven were unique to females. Despite individual variations, lethality of both pools showed similar values. Conclusion: Although differences between female and male venoms were observed, our results show that individual variations are significant even between siblings, highlighting that biological activities of venoms and its composition are influenced by other factors beyond gender.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Venenos de Serpentes/análise , Venenos de Serpentes/toxicidade , Variação Biológica Individual , Fenômenos Bioquímicos , BothropsRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Resistant training (RT) improves health markers in obesity, but its effects in morbid obesity are unknown. We aimed to determine the effects of a RT-program in preventing/attenuating the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with morbid obesity. A second aim was to report the interindividual variability in terms of improvements in MetS markers and other related co-variables. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-one adults with obesity or morbid obesity were divided into two groups based on body mass index (BMI): a control obesity (CO, n = 7, BMI ≥35 < 40.0 kg/m2) and a morbid obese group (MO, n = 14, BMI ≥40 kg/m2). Participants completed a 20-week RT-program (3 sessions/week, 4-8 exercise) using free weights. Participants were assessed for MetS markers (waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure [BP], fasting glucose, high-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides) and other co-variables (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, one-maximum repetition of biceps curl, and handgrip strength, 6 min walking test). Significant reductions in MetS markers were observed in both CO and MO groups (P < 0.05 to P < 0.0001), but significant reductions in diastolic BP and increases in HDL-C were noted only in the MO group (P < 0.0001). Changes in waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic BP were significantly greater only in the MO group (P < 0.001), but the CO group presented a greater fasting glucose decreases (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of non-responders between CO and MO groups was similar in the MetS outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: RT promotes greater improvements in overall MetS outcomes waist circumference, BP, and plasma triglycerides in patients with morbid obesity than in obese peers, with no overall differences in the prevalence of non-responders. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: NCT03921853 at www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Assuntos
Variação Biológica Individual , Síndrome Metabólica/prevenção & controle , Obesidade Mórbida/terapia , Treinamento Resistido , Redução de Peso , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Glicemia/metabolismo , Pressão Sanguínea , Índice de Massa Corporal , Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória , Chile , Tolerância ao Exercício , Feminino , Força da Mão , Humanos , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/etiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/fisiopatologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade Mórbida/sangue , Obesidade Mórbida/complicações , Obesidade Mórbida/fisiopatologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
There is an important individual variability in development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and this feature needs to be better addressed in preclinical studies. Previously we showed that only rats that explored the context before a foot shock (delayed shock group) exhibited long-lasting behavioral changes. In this study the delayed shock group was segregated using the freezing response upon re-exposure to the shock-paired context and we investigated whether higher reactivity would be related to behavioral alterations and to activation of brain regions using Fos immunoreactivity. The latter allowed the analysis of co-activity patterns among brain regions within each group, by creating connectivity maps. High responder rats (HR) displayed heightened freezing response upon context re-exposure, anxiety-like behavior, impaired exploratory behavior and fear sensitization. Fos analysis showed that HR displayed a negative correlation between the medial prefrontal cortex and the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) after the first context re-exposure. After the second context re-exposure, HR displayed reduced Fos expression in vHPC CA1 area, whereas low responders (LR) showed increased Fos in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Pearson correlation analyses revealed positive associations between freezing and Fos in the dorsal the periaqueductal gray and vHPC after exposure to unfamiliar acoustic stimulus in a novel environment. Thus, assessment of individual variability allowed the identification of a subset of reactive animals that displayed behavioral modifications relevant to PTSD. Fos correlation and network analyses revealed co-activity patterns in HR rats that may point out to associations of brain areas relevant to the behavioral outcomes.
Assuntos
Variação Biológica Individual , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Animais , Ansiedade/metabolismo , Ansiedade/fisiopatologia , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Condicionamento Clássico/fisiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Medo/fisiologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Neurônios/metabolismo , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Paraventricular/metabolismo , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Variability in snake venom composition has been frequently reported and correlated to the adaptability of snakes to environmental conditions. Previous studies report plasticity for the venom phenotype. However, these observations are not conclusive, as the results were based on pooled venoms, which present high individual variability. Here we tested the hypothesis of plasticity by influence of confinement and single diet type in the venom composition of 13 adult specimens of Bothrops atrox snakes, maintained under captivity for more than three years. Individual variability in venom composition was observed in samples extracted just after the capture of the snakes. However, composition was conserved in venoms periodically extracted from nine specimens, which presented low variability restricted to the less abundant components. In a second group, composed of four snakes, drastic changes were observed in the venom samples extracted at different periods, mostly related to snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), the core function toxins of B. atrox venom, which occurred approximately between 400 and 500 days in captivity. These data show plasticity in the venom phenotype during the lifetime of adult snakes maintained under captive conditions. Causes or functional consequences involved in the phenotype modification require further investigations.
Assuntos
Bothrops , Venenos de Crotalídeos/análise , Animais , Variação Biológica Individual , Venenos de Crotalídeos/enzimologia , Feminino , Metaloproteases/química , Fenótipo , Fosfolipases A2/química , Proteínas de Répteis/química , Serina Proteases/químicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Because of high variability, tear film osmolarity measures have been questioned in dry eye assessment. Understanding the origin of such variability would aid data interpretation. This study aims to evaluate osmolarity variability in a clinical setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty dry eyes and 20 control patients were evaluated. Three consecutive osmolarity measurements per eye at 5min intervals were obtained. Variability was represented by the difference between both extreme readings per eye. Machine learning techniques were used to quantify discrimination capacity of tear osmolarity for dry eye. RESULTS: Mean osmolarities in the control and dry eye groups were 295.1±7.3mOsm/L and 300.6±11.2mOsm/L, respectively (P=.004). Osmolarity variabilities were 7.5±3.6mOsm/L and 16.7±11.9mOsm/L, for the control and dry eye groups, respectively (P<.001). Based on osmolarity, a logistic classifier showed an 85% classification accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: In the clinical setting, both mean osmolarity and osmolarity variability in the dry eye group were significantly higher than in the control group. Machine learning techniques showed good classification accuracy. It is concluded that higher variability of tear osmolarity is a dry eye feature.
Assuntos
Síndromes do Olho Seco/diagnóstico , Aprendizado de Máquina , Lágrimas/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Variação Biológica Individual , Síndromes do Olho Seco/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Concentração Osmolar , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Plants and pollinators form beneficial relationships, with plants offering resources in return for pollination services. Some plants, however, add compounds to nectar to manipulate pollinators. Caffeine is a secondary plant metabolite found in some nectars that affects foraging in pollinators. In honeybees, caffeine increases foraging and recruitment to mediocre food sources, which might benefit the plant, but potentially harms the colonies. For the largest group of social bees, the stingless bees, the effect of caffeine on foraging behaviour has not been tested yet, despite their importance for tropical ecosystems. More generally, recruitment and foraging dynamics are not well understood in most species. We examined whether caffeine affects the foraging behaviour of the stingless bee Plebeia droryana, which frequently visits plants that produce caffeinated nectar and pollen. We trained bees to food sources containing field-realistic concentrations of sugar and caffeine. Caffeine did not cause P. droryana to increase foraging frequency and persistence. We observed P. droryana recruiting to food sources; however, this behaviour was also not affected by caffeine. Instead we found that higher sugar concentrations caused bees to increase foraging effort. Thus, unlike in other pollinators, foraging behaviour in this stingless bee is not affected by caffeine. As the Brazilian P. droryana population that we tested has been exposed to coffee over evolutionary time periods, our results raise the possibility that it may have evolved a tolerance towards this central nervous system stimulant. Alternatively, stingless bees may show physiological responses to caffeine that differ from those of other bee groups.
Assuntos
Abelhas/fisiologia , Variação Biológica Individual , Cafeína/metabolismo , Açúcares/metabolismo , Animais , Comportamento Apetitivo , Brasil , Comportamento Alimentar , Comportamento SocialRESUMO
Cardiovascular (CV) events or their minor syndromes, as various forms of ischemia, are medical emergencies that do not allow enough time for a guiding anamnesis or proper clinical examination, and lead to relying on Treatment Guidelines, but in many situations it is appropriate to deviate from them. Pathological studies have associated 75% of coronary artery events with atherosclerotic plaque rupture; it is now known that rupture alone is not enough for obstruction or occlusion of the vessel lumen. Concomitant conditions are required for the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease, including prothrombogenic and dysfunctional endothelium, less fibrinolytic capacity to protect it, increased platelet activation, increased adrenergic tone, microcirculation vasoconstriction, and other countless factors that contribute to thrombus formation, causing ischemia or infarction. But in most cases, repair of plaque rupture and re endothelization of the lesion are asymptomatic and silent. Atherosclerotic process is a chronic and progressive immune inflammation. Most of the therapeutic indications include statins, which cause side effects in 10% of patients, with a range varying between 7 and 21%, according to different authors. Many investigators have proved that statin use contribute to the genesis of diabetes, reports vary between 1 and 46%, where marked elevation of blood glucose fasting levels and glycosylated hemoglobin have been observed, be it by increased tissue resistance to insulin or by reduced ß-cell insulin secretion. Physicians should base their indications on the recommendations provided by Guidelines, but they should not forget that every patient is different, and they should not get confused due to lack of time in an emergency nor be influenced by the latest publications or techniques until they have been properly tested.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/terapia , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/normas , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto/normas , Padrões de Prática Médica/normas , Variação Biológica Individual , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , Comorbidade , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Medicina Baseada em Evidências/normas , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Seleção de Pacientes , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The minimum amount of physical activity needed to obtain health benefits has been widely determined. Unlikely, the impact of extreme amounts of very vigorous physical activity (VVPA, ≥ 8 metabolic equivalents) to the heart remains controversial. We aimed to evaluate the dose-response relationship between VVPA and heart rate variability (HRV) in adults. We selected 1040 asymptomatic individuals (60% women, 42 ± 15 years, 28 ± 6 kg/m2) from the Epidemiology and Human Movement Study (EPIMOV). Participants remained in the supine position for 10 min, and we selected an intermediate 5-min window for HRV analysis. The standard deviation of the RR intervals, root mean square of RR intervals, successive RR intervals that differ > 50 ms, powers of the low-and high-frequency bands and Poincaré plot standard deviations were quantified. Participants used a triaxial accelerometer (Actigraph GT3x+) above the dominant hip for 4-7 consecutive days for quantifying their physical activity. We also evaluated the maximum oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) during an exercise test. We stratified participants into five groups according to the VVPA in min/week (group 1, ≤ 1.50; 2, 1.51-3.16; 3, 3.17-3.54; 4, 3.55-20.75; and 5, > 20.75). The linear trends of the HRV through the quintiles of VVPA were investigated. We used logarithmic transformations to compare the five groups adjusted for age, sex, cardiovascular risk, and [Formula: see text]. We found a better HRV with increased VVPA for all HRV indices studied (p trend < 0.05). However, group 5 did not differ from group 4 (p > 0.05) for none of the indices. We conclude that there is an incremental benefit of VVPA on HRV of asymptomatic adults. Since we found neither additional benefits nor the harmful impact of amounts of VVPA as high as 22 min/week on HRV, our results should not discourage asymptomatic adults to perform VVPA.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Adulto , Variação Biológica Individual , Estudos Transversais , Teste de Esforço , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Espirometria , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Antecedentes: La tasa de filtración glomerular estimada (TFGe) es ampliamente utilizada en la práctica clínica. El presente estudio evaluó la variación biológica intraindividual (CVI) de diferentes ecuaciones de TFGe en sujetos con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) y sin ERC. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron (a) determinar los perfiles de variación biológica durante 24 horas de creatinina, cistatina C y TFGe y (b) determinar si el CVI de la creatinina, la cistatina C y la TFGe cambia el deterioro de la filtración glomerular. Métodos: Se analizaron muestras de sangre cada hora de 37 individuos (17 sin ERC, 20 con ERC) durante 24 h. La creatinina (método enzimático) y la cistatina C se midieron usando un Cobas 8000 (Roche Diagnostics). La TFGe se estimó utilizando la Modificación de la Dieta en la Enfermedad Renal y la Colaboración de Epidemiología de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica basada en creatinina y/o cistatina C. Las muestras de plasma se almacenaron a -80 °C antes del análisis. Se verificaron los análisis de valores atípicos y de homogeneidad antes de realizar un ANOVA anidado para determinar la variación biológica. Resultados: La CVI de creatinina fue más alta en sujetos sin ERC que en aquellos con ERC (6.4% frente a 2.5%) debido principalmente al efecto más marcado del consumo de carne sobre la variabilidad de creatinina en individuos con concentraciones iniciales de creatinina más bajas. A diferencia de la creatinina, las concentraciones de cistatina C no se vieron afectadas por el consumo de carne. La cistatina C mostró alguna variación rítmica diurna y menor en los sujetos con ERC. Los valores de referencia del cambio (VCR) de todas las ecuaciones de TFGe estuvieron dentro del 13% al 20% en ambos grupos de estudio. Conclusiones: A pesar de las diferencias en el CVI de la creatinina, el CVI y el VRC de las ecuaciones de TFGe fueron relativamente similares para los sujetos con o sin ERC.
Background: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is widely used in clinical practice. This study assessed the within-subject biological variation (CVI) of different eGFR equations in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and people without CKD. The aims of this study were (a) to determine the 24-h biological variation profiles of creatinine, cystatin C, and eGFR and (b) to determine whether CVI of creatinine, cystatin C, and eGFR changes on deterioration of glomerular filtration. Methods: Hourly blood samples were analyzed from 37 individuals (17 without CKD, 20 with CKD) during 24 h. Creatinine (enzymatic method) and cystatin C were measured using a Cobas 8000 (Roche Diagnostics). eGFR was estimated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration based on creatinine and/or cystatin C. Plasma samples were stored at -80 °C before analysis. Outlier and homogeneity analyses were checked before performing a nested ANOVA to determine biological variation. Results: CVI of creatinine was higher in people without CKD than in those with CKD (6.4% vs. 2.5%) owing primarily to the more profound effect of meat consumption on creatinine variability in individuals with lower baseline creatinine concentrations. Unlike creatinine, cystatin C concentrations were unaffected by meat consumption. Cystatin C showed some diurnal rhythmic variation and less in people with CKD. Reference change values (RCVs) of all eGFR equations were within 13% to 20% in both study groups. Conclusions: Despite differences in CVI of creatinine, the CVI and RCV of the eGFR equations were relatively similar for people with or without CKD.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Creatinina/sangue , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/sangue , Cistatina C/sangue , Variação Biológica Individual , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Análise de VariânciaRESUMO
Uncovering how and why animals explore their environment is fundamental for understanding population dynamics, the spread of invasive species, species interactions, etc. In social animals, individuals within a group can vary in their exploratory behavior, and the behavioral composition of the group can determine its collective success. Workers of the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) exhibit individual variation in exploratory behavior, which affects the colony's collective nest selection behavior. Here, we examine the mechanisms underlying this behavioral variation in exploratory behavior and determine its implications for the ecology of this species. We first establish that individual variation in exploratory behavior is repeatable and consistent across situations. We then show a relationship between exploratory behavior and the expression of genes that have been previously linked with other behaviors in social insects. Specifically, we found a negative relationship between exploratory behavior and the expression of the foraging (Lhfor) gene. Finally, we determine how colonies allocate exploratory individuals in natural conditions. We found that ants from inside the nest are the least exploratory individuals, whereas workers on newly formed foraging trails are the most exploratory individuals. Furthermore, we found temporal differences throughout the year: in early-mid spring, when new resources emerge, workers are more exploratory than at the end of winter, potentially allowing the colony to find and exploit new resources. These findings reveal the importance of individual variation in behavior for the ecology of social animals.
Assuntos
Formigas/fisiologia , Variação Biológica Individual , Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Animais , Formigas/genética , Comportamento Exploratório , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Espécies IntroduzidasRESUMO
Lack of variability in dietary intake within a population makes identification of relationships between diet and disease difficult. Studies in populations with greater interindividual variation can provide important insights. The Puerto Rican diet is in transition from a traditional to a more Western-type diet, resulting in greater interindividual variability. We identified foods contributing to absolute intake and variability in the intake of macronutrients among Puerto Rican women. One hundred women, aged 30â»79, residents of San Juan, Puerto Rico, completed three, interviewer-administered, 24-h dietary recalls from which foods contributing to absolute intake and intake variability in intake of energy, fat, protein, carbohydrate and dietary fiber were determined. The overall prevalence of intake of foods was also calculated. Traditional Puerto Rican foods such as legumes, rice, and plantains were important contributors to the intake of calories and macronutrients as were foods more typical of Western diets including white bread and sweetened carbonated beverages. Identification of food sources of nutrients for this population with a diet in transition can contribute to the development of instruments to measure dietary intake and to understand the contribution of diet to the etiology of chronic disease among Puerto Rican women.
Assuntos
Dieta Ocidental/etnologia , Dieta/etnologia , Ingestão de Energia/etnologia , Hispânico ou Latino , Estado Nutricional/etnologia , Valor Nutritivo/etnologia , Recomendações Nutricionais , Adulto , Idoso , Variação Biológica Individual , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Comportamento Alimentar/etnologia , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação Nutricional , Porto Rico , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
Motor threshold (MT) measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has diagnostic utility in central nervous system disorders. Its diagnostic sensitivity may be enhanced by identification of non-pathological factors which may influence this measure. The aim of this study was to provide a description of MT variability across physiological and non-pathological behaviour characteristics in a large cohort, including hemispheric asymmetries. In a cross-sectional study, age, handedness, physical activity level, body mass index, gender/menstrual cycle phase, glycemic index and degree of stress were collected from 115 healthy participants. The resting MT of the first dorsal interosseous muscle to TMS was recorded in both hemispheres and served as an indicator of the cortical excitability level. Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed higher MT values in the non-dominant hemisphere, elderly people, stressed individuals and women with amenorrhea. Other biological and behavioral individual characteristics did not influence cortical excitability. Although the degree of interhemispheric difference varied (range: 0.2 to 4.3), depending on biological and behavioral characteristics, this variation was not significant (0.1â¯≤â¯pâ¯≤â¯0.8). In conclusion, MT varied considerably between subjects. The difference between the hemisphere excitability that was less influenced by external factors, may be an alternative method of TMS measure to identify pathological changes of cortical excitability.
Assuntos
Excitabilidade Cortical/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Amenorreia/fisiopatologia , Variação Biológica Individual , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Potencial Evocado Motor/fisiologia , Feminino , Lateralidade Funcional , Índice Glicêmico/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Comportamento Sedentário , Caracteres Sexuais , Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A 7-year cytogenetic study on the leaf litter frog Craugastor fitzingeri from Costa Rica and Panama revealed the existence of highly mobile nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) in their genomes. Silver (Ag)-staining of the active NORs demonstrated an exceptional interindividual pattern of NOR distribution at the telomeres of the chromosomes. All individuals examined showed a different and specific NOR location in their karyotypes. Furthermore, intraindividual variation in the NOR sites was found. This observation suggested the existence of mobile NORs in C. fitzingeri. Confirmation of this phenomenon was possible by systematic FISH analysis using an 18S + 28S rDNA probe. The extremely variable number and position of the NORs in C. fitzingeri is best explained by highly mobile NORs that move freely between the telomeres of the chromosomes. These transpositions must occur preferentially in premeiotic, meiotic, or postmeiotic stages, but also at a lower incidence in the somatic tissues of the animals. It is hypothesized that transposable (mobile) elements are closely linked to the NORs or are inserted into the major 18S + 28S rDNA spacers of C. fitzingeri. When such transposable elements spread by transpositions, they can carry with them complete or partial NORs. The present study provides detailed information on various differential chromosome banding techniques, in situ hybridization experiments, chromosomal hypermethylation patterns, determination of the genome size, and analyses of restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the DNA.
Assuntos
Anuros/genética , Bandeamento Cromossômico , Região Organizadora do Nucléolo/genética , Animais , Variação Biológica Individual , Costa Rica , Sondas de DNA/genética , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , Feminino , Tamanho do Genoma , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Cariotipagem , Masculino , Panamá , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de RestriçãoRESUMO
Growth is a fundamental biological process, driven by multiple endogenous (intra-individual) and exogenous (environmental) factors that maintain individual fitness and population stability. The current study aims to assess whether individual, spatial (headwaters and floodplains) and inter-sex variation occurs in the growth of Piaractus mesopotamicus in the Cuiabá River basin. Samples were collected monthly from July 2006 to July 2007, at two areas in the Cuiabá River basin (headwaters and floodplain). Three growth models (individuals; individuals and sex factors; individuals and areas factors) were developed and compared the fish growth parameters using Akaike information criterion (AIC). The best fit to the length-at-age data was obtained by a model that considered individual variation and sex. The theoretical maximum average length ( L∞ ) was 64.99 cm for females, and 63.23 cm for males. Females showed a growth rate (k) of 0.230 yr-1and males of 0.196 yr-1. Thus, could be concluded that individual variability and sex were the main sources of variation in P. mesopotamicus somatic growth parameters.(AU)
O crescimento é um processo biológico fundamental, impulsionado por múltiplos fatores endógenos (intra-individual) e exógenos (ambientais) que mantém o fitness individual e a estabilidade populacional. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar se ocorre variação individual, espacial (região de cabeceira e planície de inundação) e entre sexo no crescimento de Piaractus mesopotamicus na bacia do rio Cuiabá. Amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente entre julho de 2006 a julho de 2007, em duas áreas da bacia do rio Cuiabá (região de cabeceira e planície de inundação). Três modelos de crescimento (indivíduos, indivíduos e sexo como fator, indivíduos e área como fator) foram elaborados e comparados os parâmetros de crescimentos dos peixes com base no critério de Informação de Akaike (AIC). O melhor ajuste aos dados de comprimento na idade data foi obtido pelo modelo que considerou a variação individual e o sexo. O comprimento médio máximo teórico ( L∞ ) das fêmeas foi 64,99 cm e para os machos 63,23 cm. O coeficiente de crescimento (k) médio foi de 0,230 yr-1 e 0,196 yr-1, respectivamente para fêmeas e machos. Portanto, pode-se concluir que variabilidade individual e sexo foram as principais origem de variação dos parâmetros de crescimento somático de P. mesopotamicus.(AU)